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      Who is the Most Stressed During the COVID‐19 Pandemic? Data From 26 Countries and Areas

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          Abstract

          Background

          To limit the rapid spread of COVID‐19, countries have asked their citizens to stay at home. As a result, demographic and cultural factors related to home life have become especially relevant to predict population well‐being during isolation. This pre‐registered worldwide study analyses the relationship between the number of adults and children in a household, marital status, age, gender, education level, COVID‐19 severity, individualism–collectivism, and perceived stress.

          Methods

          We used the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey data of 53,524 online participants from 26 countries and areas. The data were collected between 30 March and 6 April 2020.

          Results

          Higher levels of stress were associated with younger age, being a woman, lower level of education, being single, staying with more children, and living in a country or area with a more severe COVID‐19 situation.

          Conclusions

          The COVID‐19 pandemic revealed that certain people may be more susceptible to experience elevated levels of stress. Our findings highlight the need for public health to be attentive to both the physical and the psychological well‐being of these groups.

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          Most cited references60

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          Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives

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            Is Open Access

            Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China

            Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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              A Global Measure of Perceived Stress

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                marta7kowal@gmail.com
                Journal
                Appl Psychol Health Well Being
                Appl Psychol Health Well Being
                10.1111/(ISSN)1758-0854
                APHW
                Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                1758-0846
                1758-0854
                29 September 2020
                : 10.1111/aphw.12234
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland
                [ 2 ] University of Granada Granada Spain
                [ 3 ] TOBB University of Economics and Technology Ankara Turkey
                [ 4 ] Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
                [ 5 ] Brown University Providence RI USA
                [ 6 ] University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw Warsaw Poland
                [ 7 ] University of Lodz Lodz Poland
                [ 8 ] Bahria University Islamabad Pakistan
                [ 9 ] University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
                [ 10 ] University of Chittagong Chittagong Bangladesh
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Address for correspondence: Marta Kowal, Dawida 1, 50‐529 Wrocław, Poland. Email: marta7kowal@ 123456gmail.com

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9050-1471
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7065
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7667-5803
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0214-5791
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8540-8037
                Article
                APHW12234
                10.1111/aphw.12234
                7537225
                32996217
                e984911a-c455-4a63-8b0a-228d6273181c
                © 2020 International Association of Applied Psychology

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                : 01 June 2020
                : 22 August 2020
                : 24 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Pages: 21, Words: 22769
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                corrected-proof
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.2 mode:remove_FC converted:06.10.2020

                covid‐19,cross‐cultural,demographic characteristics,quarantine,stress,well‐being

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