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      Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chinese forest soils: profile composition, spatial variations and source apportionment

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          Abstract

          Previous studies reported that forest ecosystems can play a vital role in scavenging anthropogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and act as primary reservoirs of these environmental pollutants. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence, spatial pattern and source apportionment of PAHs across Chinese background forest soils (O- & A-horizons). The 143 soils collected from 30 mountains showed significantly ( p < 0.05) higher levels of ∑ 15PAHs (ng g −1 dw) in O-horizon (222 ± 182) than A-horizon (168 ± 161). A progressive increase in the levels of lighter PAHs was observed along altitudinal gradient, however heavier PAHs did not show any variations. Carbon contents (TOC & BC) of forest soils were found weakly correlated (p < 0.01) with low molecular weight (LMW)-PAHs but showed no relation with high molecular weight (HMW)-PAHs. Source apportionment results using PMF and PCA revealed that PAHs in forest soils mainly come from local biomass burning and/or coal combustion and attributed that forest soils may become a potential sink for PAHs in the region.

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          Changes in forest biomass carbon storage in China between 1949 and 1998.

          J. Fang, A. Chen, C. Peng … (2001)
          The location and mechanisms responsible for the carbon sink in northern mid-latitude lands are uncertain. Here, we used an improved estimation method of forest biomass and a 50-year national forest resource inventory in China to estimate changes in the storage of living biomass between 1949 and 1998. Our results suggest that Chinese forests released about 0.68 petagram of carbon between 1949 and 1980, for an annual emission rate of 0.022 petagram of carbon. Carbon storage increased significantly after the late 1970s from 4.38 to 4.75 petagram of carbon by 1998, for a mean accumulation rate of 0.021 petagram of carbon per year, mainly due to forest expansion and regrowth. Since the mid-1970s, planted forests (afforestation and reforestation) have sequestered 0.45 petagram of carbon, and their average carbon density increased from 15.3 to 31.1 megagrams per hectare, while natural forests have lost an additional 0.14 petagram of carbon, suggesting that carbon sequestration through forest management practices addressed in the Kyoto Protocol could help offset industrial carbon dioxide emissions.
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            Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Collected from an Urban Location in Birmingham, U.K.

            Roy Harrison, D. Smith, L. Luhana (1996)
            Article 0 comments Cited 134 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Global atmospheric emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from 1960 to 2008 and future predictions.

              Huizhong Shen, Ye-neng Huang, Rong-Rong Wang … (2013)
              Global atmospheric emissions of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from 69 major sources were estimated for a period from 1960 to 2030. Regression models and a technology split method were used to estimate country and time specific emission factors, resulting in a new estimate of PAH emission factor variation among different countries and over time. PAH emissions in 2007 were spatially resolved to 0.1° × 0.1° grids based on a newly developed global high-resolution fuel combustion inventory (PKU-FUEL-2007). The global total annual atmospheric emission of 16 PAHs in 2007 was 504 Gg (331-818 Gg, as interquartile range), with residential/commercial biomass burning (60.5%), open-field biomass burning (agricultural waste burning, deforestation, and wildfire, 13.6%), and petroleum consumption by on-road motor vehicles (12.8%) as the major sources. South (87 Gg), East (111 Gg), and Southeast Asia (52 Gg) were the regions with the highest PAH emission densities, contributing half of the global total PAH emissions. Among the global total PAH emissions, 6.19% of the emissions were in the form of high molecular weight carcinogenic compounds and the percentage of the carcinogenic PAHs was higher in developing countries (6.22%) than in developed countries (5.73%), due to the differences in energy structures and the disparities of technology. The potential health impact of the PAH emissions was greatest in the parts of the world with high anthropogenic PAH emissions, because of the overlap of the high emissions and high population densities. Global total PAH emissions peaked at 592 Gg in 1995 and declined gradually to 499 Gg in 2008. Total PAH emissions from developed countries peaked at 122 Gg in the early 1970s and decreased to 38 Gg in 2008. Simulation of PAH emissions from 2009 to 2030 revealed that PAH emissions in developed and developing countries would decrease by 46-71% and 48-64%, respectively, based on the six IPCC SRES scenarios.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Gan Zhang: zhanggan@gig.ac.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 June 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 2 June 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2692
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000000119573309, GRID grid.9227.e, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Guangzhou, 510640 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2215 1297, GRID grid.412621.2, Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, , Quaid-I-Azam University, ; Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan
                [3 ]Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) – FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14, NO - 9296, Tromsø, Norway
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7984-9423
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3637-1642
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2999
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02999-0
                PMC ID: 5457447
                PubMed ID: 28578395
                SO-VID: e9ac2d80-14f4-421c-b64e-500c45d7591d
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2017
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 19 January 2017
                Date accepted : 20 April 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2017

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