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      DNA barcodes of Antipode marine invertebrates in Bay of Biscay and Gulf of Lion ports suggest new biofouling challenges

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      Scientific Reports
      Nature Publishing Group UK

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          Abstract

          Marine biological invasions threaten global biodiversity nowadays. In this article, we have studied fouling communities from 10 port areas of south Bay of Biscay (Atlantic Ocean) and Gulf of Lion (Mediterranean Sea). A total of 834 individuals were genetically barcoded and corresponded to 95 different species. A total of 76 native species 8 genera and 1 family were identified, 58 from the Bay of Biscay and 23 from the Gulf of Lion. Furthermore, 19 species were identified as non-indigenous or cryptogenic (18 from the Bay of Biscay and 4 from the Gulf of Lion). We found a high proportion of Antipode non-indigenous species (NIS) that represented the 19.3% of all sampled individuals and the 54.21% of NIS specimens of this study. A framework for inference of donor regions based on a phylogenetic screening of genetic sequences was proposed as a proof of concept and tested, as well as models for the relationship between NIS introductions, maritime imports and distance to NIS native range and inferred donor areas. Consistent generalized linear models (GLM) with positive association between NIS genetic diversity and distance, not with maritime growth weight imports, strongly suggest that distant NIS could pose higher invasion risk than closer species. Selection for wider tolerance ranges during the long travel –direct or stepwise, as well as environmental similarity between donor and receiving regions, may explain these results.

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          Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions.

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            The ecology of environmental DNA and implications for conservation genetics

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              Adaptive evolution in invasive species.

              Many emerging invasive species display evidence of rapid adaptation. Contemporary genetic studies demonstrate that adaptation to novel environments can occur within 20 generations or less, indicating that evolutionary processes can influence invasiveness. However, the source of genetic or epigenetic variation underlying these changes remains uncharacterised. Here, we review the potential for rapid adaptation from standing genetic variation and from new mutations, and examine four types of evolutionary change that might promote or constrain rapid adaptation during the invasion process. Understanding the source of variation that contributes to adaptive evolution in invasive plants is important for predicting future invasion scenarios, identifying candidate genes involved in invasiveness, and, more generally, for understanding how populations can evolve rapidly in response to novel and changing environments.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                lml.miralles@gmail.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                1 November 2018
                1 November 2018
                2018
                : 8
                : 16214
                Affiliations
                ISNI 0000 0001 2164 6351, GRID grid.10863.3c, Department of Functional Biology, , University of Oviedo, C/ Julian Claveria s/n, ; 33006 Oviedo, Spain
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3503-2331
                Article
                34447
                10.1038/s41598-018-34447-y
                6212436
                30385812
                e9adef1d-1001-489e-bc38-c168a1bff45d
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 2 November 2017
                : 17 October 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: This study has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Grant CGL-2016-79209-R and the Principality of Asturias (Spain), Grant GRUPIN-2014-093.
                Funded by: Juan de la Cierva-reincorporation fellowship with reference IJCI-2016-27522 from Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness.
                Funded by: PCTI Grant from the Asturias Regional Government, referenced BP14-145.
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