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      Extraction and Characterization of Chitin from the Beetle Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky

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          Abstract

          Insect chitin was isolated from adult Holotrichia parallela by treatment with 1 M HCl and 1 M NaOH, following by 1% potassium permanganate solution for decolorization. The yield of chitin from this species is 15%. This insect chitin was compared with the commercial α-chitin from shrimp, by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis. Both chitins exhibited similar chemical structures and physicochemical properties. Adult H. parallela is thus a promising alternative source of chitin.

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          Food applications of chitin and chitosans

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            Development of a chitosan-based wound dressing with improved hemostatic and antimicrobial properties.

            Hemorrhage remains a leading cause of early death after trauma, and infectious complications in combat wounds continue to challenge caregivers. Although chitosan dressings have been developed to address these problems, they are not always effective in controlling bleeding or killing bacteria. We aimed to refine the chitosan dressing by incorporating a procoagulant (polyphosphate) and an antimicrobial (silver). Chitosan containing different amounts and types of polyphosphate polymers was fabricated, and their hemostatic efficacies evaluated in vitro. The optimal chitosan-polyphosphate formulation (ChiPP) accelerated blood clotting (p = 0.011), increased platelet adhesion (p=0.002), generated thrombin faster (p = 0.002), and absorbed more blood than chitosan (p 99.99% kill of Staphylococcus aureus consistently. The silver dressing also significantly reduced mortality from 90% to 14.3% in a P. aeruginosa wound infection model in mice. Although the dressing exerted severe cytotoxicity against cultured fibroblasts, wound healing was not inhibited. This study demonstrated for the first time, the application of polyphosphate as a hemostatic adjuvant, and developed a new chitosan-based composite with potent hemostatic and antimicrobial properties.
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              Insect diversity in the fossil record.

              Insects possess a surprisingly extensive fossil record. Compilation of the geochronologic ranges of insect families demonstrates that their diversity exceeds that of preserved vertebrate tetrapods through 91 percent of their evolutionary history. The great diversity of insects was achieved not by high origination rates but rather by low extinction rates comparable to the low rates of slowly evolving marine invertebrate groups. The great radiation of modern insects began 245 million years ago and was not accelerated by the expansion of angiosperms during the Cretaceous period. The basic trophic machinery of insects was in place nearly 100 million years before angiosperms appeared in the fossil record.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                17 April 2012
                April 2012
                : 17
                : 4
                : 4604-4611
                Affiliations
                Shandong Peanut Research Institute, No. 126 Fushan Road, Qingdao 266100, China
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Email: rice407@ 123456163.com ; Tel.: +86-532-8761-5601; Fax: +86-532-8761-1087.
                Article
                molecules-17-04604
                10.3390/molecules17044604
                6268755
                22510609
                e9b17fe6-12c1-4c02-8a55-f1cb7631cf1e
                © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 06 March 2012
                : 31 March 2012
                : 11 April 2012
                Categories
                Article

                insect,chitin,holotrichia parallela,characterization,extraction

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