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      Development and characterization of a photocurable alginate bioink for three-dimensional bioprinting

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          Abstract

          Alginate is a biocompatible material suitable for biomedical applications, which can be processed under mild conditions on irradiation. This paper investigates the preparation and the rheological behavior of different pre-polymerized and polymerized alginate methacrylate systems for three-dimensional photopolymerization bioprinting. The effect of the functionalization time on the mechanical, morphological, swelling, and degradation characteristics of cross-linked alginate hydrogel is also discussed. Alginate was chemically-modified with methacrylate groups and different reaction times considered. Photocurable alginate systems were prepared by dissolving functionalized alginate with 0.5- 1.5% w/v photoinitiator solutions and cross-linked by ultraviolet light (8 mW/cm 2 for 8 minutes).

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          Most cited references27

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          Direct 3D Printing of Shear-Thinning Hydrogels into Self-Healing Hydrogels.

          Supramolecular hydrogels are used in the 3D printing of high-resolution, multi-material structures. The non-covalent bonds allow the extrusion of the inks into support gels to directly write structures continuously in 3D space. This material system supports the patterning of multiple inks, cells, and void spaces.
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            Cell encapsulation in biodegradable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications.

            Encapsulating cells in biodegradable hydrogels offers numerous attractive features for tissue engineering, including ease of handling, a highly hydrated tissue-like environment for cell and tissue growth, and the ability to form in vivo. Many properties important to the design of a hydrogel scaffold, such as swelling, mechanical properties, degradation, and diffusion, are closely linked to the crosslinked structure of the hydrogel, which is controlled through a variety of different processing conditions. Degradation may be tuned by incorporating hydrolytically or enzymatically labile segments into the hydrogel or by using natural biopolymers that are susceptible to enzymatic degradation. Because cells are present during the gelation process, the number of suitable chemistries and formulations are limited. In this review, we describe important considerations for designing biodegradable hydrogels for cell encapsulation and highlight recent advances in material design and their applications in tissue engineering.
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              Applications of Alginate-Based Bioinks in 3D Bioprinting

              Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is on the cusp of permitting the direct fabrication of artificial living tissue. Multicellular building blocks (bioinks) are dispensed layer by layer and scaled for the target construct. However, only a few materials are able to fulfill the considerable requirements for suitable bioink formulation, a critical component of efficient 3D bioprinting. Alginate, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, is clearly the most commonly employed material in current bioinks. Here, we discuss the benefits and disadvantages of the use of alginate in 3D bioprinting by summarizing the most recent studies that used alginate for printing vascular tissue, bone and cartilage. In addition, other breakthroughs in the use of alginate in bioprinting are discussed, including strategies to improve its structural and degradation characteristics. In this review, we organize the available literature in order to inspire and accelerate novel alginate-based bioink formulations with enhanced properties for future applications in basic research, drug screening and regenerative medicine.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Bioprint
                Int J Bioprint
                Whioce Publishing Pte. Ltd.
                International Journal of Bioprinting
                Whioce Publishing Pte. Ltd.
                2424-7723
                2424-8002
                2019
                1 July 2019
                : 5
                : 2
                : 189
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thi-Qar. Thi-Qar, Iraq
                [2 ]Manufacturing Group, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence to: P. J. Bartolo, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Manchester Biomanufacturing Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; paulojorge.dasilvabartolo@ 123456manchester.ac.uk
                Article
                IJB-5-2-189
                10.18063/ijb.v5i2.189
                7481104
                e9bf567f-f806-459c-9650-9f4a6a3a399d
                Copyright: © 2019 Mishbak, et al.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 04 March 2019
                : 25 March 2019
                Categories
                Research Article

                3d bioprinting,alginate hydrogel,functionalization,photopolymerization,rheology

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