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      Cannabinoids in health and disease Translated title: Cannabinoides en la salud y en la enfermedad Translated title: Cannabinoïdes: effets chez le sujet sain et utilisation en thérapeutique

      research-article
      , MSc , PhD *
      Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
      Les Laboratoires Servier
      cannabinoids, therapeutics, medicinal, addiction

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          Abstract

          Cannabis sativa L. preparations have been used in medicine for millenia. However, concern over the dangers of abuse led to the banning of the medicinal use of marijuana in most countries in the 1930s. Only recently, marijuana and individual natural and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists, as well as chemically related compounds, whose mechanism of action is still obscure, have come back to being considered of therapeutic value. However, their use is highly restricted. Despite the mild addiction to cannabis and the possible enhancement of addiction to other substances of abuse, when combined with cannabis, the therapeutic value of cannabinoids is too high to be put aside. Numerous diseases, such as anorexia, emesis, pain, inflammation, multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease), epilepsy, glaucoma, osteoporosis, schizophrenia, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, obesity, and metabolic syndrome-related disorders, to name just a few, are being treated or have the potential to be treated by cannabinoid agonists/antagonists/cannabinoid-related compounds. In view of the very low toxicity and the generally benign side effects of this group of compounds, neglecting or denying their clinical potential is unacceptable - instead, we need to work on the development of more selective cannabinoid receptor agonists/antagonists and related compounds, as well as on novel drugs of this family with better selectivity, distribution patterns, and pharmacokinetics, and - in cases where it is impossible to separate the desired clinical action and the psychoactivity - just to monitor these side effects carefully.

          Translated abstract

          Las preparaciones de Cannabis sativa L. se han empleado en medicina desde hace milenios. Sin embargo, la preocupación acerca de los peligros del abuso condujo a la prohibición de la utilización médica de la marihuana en la mayoría de los países en la década de 1930. Sólo recientemente, los agonistas y antagonistas naturales y sintéticos de los receptores de marihuana, como también compuestos químicamente relacionados, cuyo mecanismo de acción todavía es confuso, han vuelto a reconsiderar el valor terapéutico. Pero su empleo está estrictamente limitado. A pesar de la adicción leve a cannnabis y el posible incremento de la adicción a otras sustancias de abuso, cuando se combinan con cannabis, el valor terapéutico de los cannabinoides es muy alto como para no tomarlo en cuenta. Numerosas enfermedades como la anorexia, la emesis, el dolor, la inflamación, la esclerosis múltiple, trastornos neurodegenerativos (Enfermedad de Parkinson, Enfermedad de Huntington, Síndrome de Tourette, Enfermedad de Alzheimer), epilepsia, glaucoma, osteoporosis, esquizofrenia, trastornos cardiovasculares, cáncer, obesidad, y trastornos relacionados con el síndrome metabólico, por nombrar sólo algunas, están siendo tratadas o tienen el potencial de tratarse por agonistas o antagonistas de los cannabinoides o compuestos relacionados con ellos. Dada la muy baja toxicidad y los efectos secundarios generalmente benignos de este grupo de compuestos, desatender o negar su potencial clínico es inaceptable; hay que trabajar en el desarrollo de agonistas y antagonistas, y compuestos relacionados que sean más selectivos para el receptor de cannabinoides, como también de nuevos fármacos de esta familia con mejor selectividad, patrones de distribución y fármaco-cinética, y - en casos donde sea imposible separar la acción clinica deseada y la psicoactividad - igual monitorear estos efectos secundarios cuidadosamente.

          Translated abstract

          Depuis des millénaires, des préparations à base de Cannabis sativa L. ont été utilisées en médecine. Dans les années 1930 cependant, des inquiétudes concernant le danger lié à l'abus de cette substance ont conduit à l'interdiction de l'utilisation médicale de la marijuana dans la plupart des pays. Ce n'est que depuis peu que la marijuana et les agonistes et antagonistes des récepteurs cannabinoïdes synthétiques et naturels, ainsi que les composés chimiquement apparentés dont le mécanisme d'action est encore obscur, sont à nouveau considérés comme ayant un intérêt thérapeutique. Leur usage est cependant très limité. Malgré la dépendance modérée au cannabis et la possible stimulation de la dépendance à d'autres drogues lorsqu'elles sont associées au cannabis, la valeur thérapeutique des cannabinoïdes est trop élevée pour être négligée. De nombreuses pathologies, telles que l'anorexie, les vomissements, la douleur, l'inflammation, la sclérose en plaques, les troubles neurodégénératifs (maladie de Parkinson, chorée de Huntington, syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette, maladie d'Alzheimer), l'épilepsie, le glaucome, l'ostéoporose, la schizophrénie, les troubles cardiovasculaires, le cancer, l'obésité et les troubles liés au syndrome métabolique, pour n'en nommer que quelques-unes, sont traitées ou pourraient être traitées par des agonistes/antagonistes des cannabinoïdes, ou substances apparentées. Au regard de la très faible toxicité et des effets secondaires généralement bénins de cette classe de produits, il serait inacceptable de négliger ou de nier leur potentiel clinique. Il faut au contraire travailler au développement de récepteurs agonistes/antagonistes des cannabinoïdes et de composés apparentés sélectifs, ainsi qu'à de nouveaux médicaments de cette famille plus sélectifs, avec un mode de distribution et une pharmacocinétique meilleurs. Et lorsqu'il est impossible de séparer l'action clinique désirée et les effets psychoactifs, il est simplement nécessaire de surveiller attentivement les effets indésirables.

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          Most cited references266

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          A tale of two cannabinoids: the therapeutic rationale for combining tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol.

          This study examines the current knowledge of physiological and clinical effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) and presents a rationale for their combination in pharmaceutical preparations. Cannabinoid and vanilloid receptor effects as well as non-receptor mechanisms are explored, such as the capability of THC and CBD to act as anti-inflammatory substances independent of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibition. CBD is demonstrated to antagonise some undesirable effects of THC including intoxication, sedation and tachycardia, while contributing analgesic, anti-emetic, and anti-carcinogenic properties in its own right. In modern clinical trials, this has permitted the administration of higher doses of THC, providing evidence for clinical efficacy and safety for cannabis based extracts in treatment of spasticity, central pain and lower urinary tract symptoms in multiple sclerosis, as well as sleep disturbances, peripheral neuropathic pain, brachial plexus avulsion symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis and intractable cancer pain. Prospects for future application of whole cannabis extracts in neuroprotection, drug dependency, and neoplastic disorders are further examined. The hypothesis that the combination of THC and CBD increases clinical efficacy while reducing adverse events is supported.
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            Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis.

            Central pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) is common and often refractory to treatment. We conducted a single-center, 5-week (1-week run-in, 4-week treatment), randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in 66 patients with MS and central pain states (59 dysesthetic, seven painful spasms) of a whole-plant cannabis-based medicine (CBM), containing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol (THC:CBD) delivered via an oromucosal spray, as adjunctive analgesic treatment. Each spray delivered 2.7 mg of THC and 2.5 of CBD, and patients could gradually self-titrate to a maximum of 48 sprays in 24 hours. Sixty-four patients (97%) completed the trial, 34 received CBM. In week 4, the mean number of daily sprays taken of CBM (n = 32) was 9.6 (range 2 to 25, SD = 6.0) and of placebo (n = 31) was 19.1 (range 1 to 47, SD = 12.9). Pain and sleep disturbance were recorded daily on an 11-point numerical rating scale. CBM was superior to placebo in reducing the mean intensity of pain (CBM mean change -2.7, 95% CI: -3.4 to -2.0, placebo -1.4 95% CI: -2.0 to -0.8, comparison between groups, p = 0.005) and sleep disturbance (CBM mean change -2.5, 95% CI: -3.4 to -1.7, placebo -0.8, 95% CI: -1.5 to -0.1, comparison between groups, p = 0.003). CBM was generally well tolerated, although more patients on CBM than placebo reported dizziness, dry mouth, and somnolence. Cognitive side effects were limited to long-term memory storage. Cannabis-based medicine is effective in reducing pain and sleep disturbance in patients with multiple sclerosis related central neuropathic pain and is mostly well tolerated.
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              Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of striatal LTD and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease models.

              The striatum is a major forebrain nucleus that integrates cortical and thalamic afferents and forms the input nucleus of the basal ganglia. Striatal projection neurons target the substantia nigra pars reticulata (direct pathway) or the lateral globus pallidus (indirect pathway). Imbalances between neural activity in these two pathways have been proposed to underlie the profound motor deficits observed in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. However, little is known about differences in cellular and synaptic properties in these circuits. Indeed, current hypotheses suggest that these cells express similar forms of synaptic plasticity. Here we show that excitatory synapses onto indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs) exhibit higher release probability and larger N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor currents than direct-pathway synapses. Moreover, indirect-pathway MSNs selectively express endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD), which requires dopamine D2 receptor activation. In models of Parkinson's disease, indirect-pathway eCB-LTD is absent but is rescued by a D2 receptor agonist or inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation. Administration of these drugs together in vivo reduces parkinsonian motor deficits, suggesting that endocannabinoid-mediated depression of indirect-pathway synapses has a critical role in the control of movement. These findings have implications for understanding the normal functions of the basal ganglia, and also suggest approaches for the development of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of striatal-based brain disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Dept, Pharmacy School, Ein-Kerem Medical Campus, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
                Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Dept, Pharmacy School, Ein-Kerem Medical Campus, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                December 2007
                December 2007
                : 9
                : 4
                : 413-430
                Affiliations
                Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Dept, Pharmacy School, Ein-Kerem Medical Campus, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
                Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Dept, Pharmacy School, Ein-Kerem Medical Campus, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.4/nkogan
                3202504
                18286801
                e9eaa1c3-4b40-482e-8af1-18a3c64ad6e5
                Copyright: © 2007 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Clinical Research

                Neurosciences
                addiction,cannabinoids,therapeutics,medicinal
                Neurosciences
                addiction, cannabinoids, therapeutics, medicinal

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