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      Scientific Evidence-Based Effects of Hydrotherapy on Various Systems of the Body

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          Abstract

          The use of water for various treatments (hydrotherapy) is probably as old as mankind. Hydrotherapy is one of the basic methods of treatment widely used in the system of natural medicine, which is also called as water therapy, aquatic therapy, pool therapy, and balneotherapy. Use of water in various forms and in various temperatures can produce different effects on different system of the body. Many studies/reviews reported the effects of hydrotherapy only on very few systems and there is lack of studies/reviews in reporting the evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems. We performed PubMed and PubMed central search to review relevant articles in English literature based on “effects of hydrotherapy/balneotherapy” on various systems of the body. Based on the available literature this review suggests that the hydrotherapy has a scientific evidence-based effect on various systems of the body.

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          What is the biochemical and physiological rationale for using cold-water immersion in sports recovery? A systematic review.

          Chris M Bleakley, Gareth Davison (2010)
          Cold-water immersion (CWI) is a popular recovery intervention after exercise. The scientific rationale is not clear, and there are no clear guidelines for its use. The aim of this review was to study the physiological and biochemical effect of short periods of CWI. A computer-based literature search, citation tracking and related articles searches were undertaken. Primary research studies using healthy human participants, immersed in cold water (<15 degrees C), for 5 min durations or less were included. Data were extracted on body temperature, cardiovascular, respiratory and biochemical response. 16 studies were included. Sample size was restricted, and there was a large degree of study heterogeneity. CWI was associated with an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory minute volume and metabolism. Decreases in end tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure and a decrease in cerebral blood flow were also reported. There was evidence of increases in peripheral catecholamine concentration, oxidative stress and a possible increase in free-radical-species formation. The magnitude of these responses may be attenuated with acclimatisation. CWI induces significant physiological and biochemical changes to the body. Much of this evidence is derived from full body immersions using resting healthy participants. The physiological and biochemical rationale for using short periods of CWI in sports recovery still remains unclear.
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            Hydrotherapy, balneotherapy, and spa treatment in pain management.

            Shaul Sukenik, Joseph P Balint, G Bálint … (2005)
            The use of water for medical treatment is probably as old as mankind. Until the middle of the last century, spa treatment, including hydrotherapy and balneotherapy, remained popular but went into decline especially in the Anglo-Saxon world with the development of effective analgesics. However, no analgesic, regardless of its potency, is capable of eliminating pain, and reports of life-threatening adverse reactions to the use of these drugs led to renewed interest in spa therapy. Because of methodologic difficulties and lack of research funding, the effects of 'water treatments' in the relief of pain have rarely been subjected to rigorous assessment by randomised, controlled trials. It is our opinion that the three therapeutic modalities must be considered separately, and this was done in the present paper. In addition, we review the research on the mechanism of action and cost effectiveness of such treatments and examine what research might be useful in the future.
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              Human physiological responses to immersion into water of different temperatures.

              L Jansky, S Vybiral, M Simecková … (2000)
              To differentiate between the effect of cold and hydrostatic pressure on hormone and cardiovascular functions of man, a group of young men was examined during 1-h head-out immersions in water of different temperatures (32 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 14 degrees C). Immersion in water at 32 degrees C did not change rectal temperature and metabolic rate, but lowered heart rate (by 15%) and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (by 11 %, or 12%, respectively), compared to controls at ambient air temperature. Plasma renin activity, plasma cortisol and aldosterone concentrations were also lowered (by 46%, 34%, and 17%, respectively), while diuresis was increased by 107%. Immersion at 20 degrees C induced a similar decrease in plasma renin activity, heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressures as immersion at thermoneutrality, in spite of lowered rectal temperature and an increased metabolic rate by 93%. Plasma cortisol concentrations tended to decrease, while plasma aldosterone concentration was unchanged. Diuresis was increased by 89%. No significant differences in changes in diuresis, plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration compared to subjects immersed to 32 degrees C were observed. Cold water immersion (14 degrees C) lowered rectal temperature and increased metabolic rate (by 350%), heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (by 5%, 7%, and 8%, respectively). Plasma noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations were increased by 530% and by 250% respectively, while diuresis increased by 163% (more than at 32 degrees C). Plasma aldosterone concentrations increased by 23%. Plasma renin activity was reduced as during immersion in water at the highest temperature. Cortisol concentrations tended to decrease. Plasma adrenaline concentrations remained unchanged. Changes in plasma renin activity were not related to changes in aldosterone concentrations. Immersion in water of different temperatures did not increase blood concentrations of cortisol. There was no correlation between changes in rectal temperature and changes in hormone production. Our data supported the hypothesis that physiological changes induced by water immersion are mediated by humoral control mechanisms, while responses induced by cold are mainly due to increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): N Am J Med Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): N Am J Med Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NAJMS
                Title: North American Journal of Medical Sciences
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 2250-1541
                ISSN (Electronic): 1947-2714
                Publication date (Print): May 2014
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 199-209
                Affiliations
                [1] Naturopathy Clinical, SDM College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences, Ujire, India
                [1 ] Department of Research and Development, S-VYASA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
                Author notes
                Address for Correspondence: Dr. Mooventhan A., Department of Naturopathy clinical, SDM College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences, Ujire, Karnataka, India. E-mail: dr.mooventhan@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: NAJMS-6-199
                DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.132935
                PMC ID: 4049052
                PubMed ID: 24926444
                SO-VID: e9ff63e9-4f7e-437e-bbed-a0526010f8ee
                Copyright © Copyright: © North American Journal of Medical Sciences
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: evidence-based effects,hydrotherapy,various systems
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: evidence-based effects, hydrotherapy, various systems

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