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      A novel polyomavirus from the nasal cavity of a giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

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          Abstract

          Background

          Polyomaviruses infect a wide variety of mammalian and avian hosts with a broad spectrum of outcomes including asymptomatic infection, acute systemic disease, and tumor induction.

          Methods

          Viral metagenomics and general PCR methods were used to detected viral nucleic acid in the samples from a diseased and healthy giant pandas.

          Results

          A novel polyomavirus, the giant panda polyomavirus 1 (GPPyV1) from the nasal cavity of a dead giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) was characterized. The GPPyV1 genome is 5144 bp in size and reveals five putative open-reading frames coding for the classic small and large T antigens in the early region, and the VP1, VP2 and VP3 capsid proteins in the late region. Phylogenetic analyses of the large T antigen of the GPPyV1 indicated GPPyV1 belonged to a putative new species within genus Deltapolyomavirus, clustering with four human polyomavirus species. The GPPyV1 VP1 and VP2 clustered with genus Alphapolyomavirus. Our epidemiologic study indicated that this novel polyomavirus was also detected in nasal swabs and fecal samples collected from captive healthy giant pandas.

          Conclusion

          A novel polyomavirus was detected in giant pandas and its complete genome was characterized, which may cause latency infection in giant pandas.

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          Most cited references14

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          New human papovavirus (B.K.) isolated from urine after renal transplantation.

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            Identification of MW polyomavirus, a novel polyomavirus in human stool.

            We have discovered a novel polyomavirus present in multiple human stool samples. The virus was initially identified by shotgun pyrosequencing of DNA purified from virus-like particles isolated from a stool sample collected from a healthy child from Malawi. We subsequently sequenced the virus' 4,927-bp genome, which has been provisionally named MW polyomavirus (MWPyV). The virus has genomic features characteristic of the family Polyomaviridae but is highly divergent from other members of this family. It is predicted to encode the large T antigen and small T antigen early proteins and the VP1, VP2, and VP3 structural proteins. A real-time PCR assay was designed and used to screen 514 stool samples from children with diarrhea in St. Louis, MO; 12 specimens were positive for MWPyV. Comparison of the whole-genome sequences of the index Malawi case and one St. Louis case demonstrated that the two strains of MWPyV varied by 5.3% at the nucleotide level. The number of polyomaviruses found in the human body continues to grow, raising the question of how many more species have yet to be identified and what roles they play in humans with and without manifest disease.
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              Merkel cell polyomavirus: a newly discovered human virus with oncogenic potential.

              A marked escalation in the rate of discovery of new types of human polyomavirus has occurred over the last five years largely owing to recent technological advances in their detection. Among the newly discovered viruses, Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV or MCV) has gained the most attention due to its link with a rare human cancer. Infection with MCPyV is common in the human population, and the virus is detected in several anatomical locations, but most frequently in skin. Study of MCPyV molecular virology has been complicated by the lack of straightforward cell culture models, but recent in vitro studies are making strides towards understanding the virus life cycle, its cellular tropism, and mode of transmission. While MCPyV shares several traditional traits with other human polyomaviruses, the burst of research since its discovery reveals insight into a virus with many unique genetic and mechanistic features. The evidence for a causal link between MCPyV and the rare neuroendocrine cancer, Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), is compelling. A majority of MCCs contain clonally integrated viral DNA, express viral T antigen transcripts and protein, and exhibit an addiction to the viral large T and small t antigen oncoproteins. The MCPyV large T antigen contains MCC tumor-specific mutations that ablate its replication capacity but preserve its oncogenic functions, and the small t antigen promotes an environment favorable for cap-dependent translation. The mechanisms of MCPyV-induced transformation have not been fully elucidated, but the likely etiological role of this new polyomavirus in human cancer provides a strong opportunity to expand knowledge of virus-host interactions and viral oncology. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                qidunwu@163.com
                shantongling@shvri.ac.cn
                zhijianchange1008@outlook.com
                XDeng@bloodsystems.org
                zzh@panda.org.cn
                biwenlei@sina.cn
                jowens102@gmail.com
                602433987@qq.com
                2908805320@qq.com
                22259203@qq.com
                delwarte@medicine.ucsf.edu
                hourong2000@panda.org.cn
                z0216wen@yahoo.com
                Journal
                Virol J
                Virol. J
                Virology Journal
                BioMed Central (London )
                1743-422X
                27 October 2017
                27 October 2017
                2017
                : 14
                : 207
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.452857.9, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, ; Chengdu, Sichuan 610081 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0743 511X, GRID grid.440785.a, Department of Microbiology, , School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, ; Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013 China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1758 7573, GRID grid.464410.3, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ; Shanghai, 200241 China
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0395 6091, GRID grid.280902.1, Blood Systems Research Institute, ; San Francisco, California, 94118 USA
                [5 ]Liziping Nature Reserve, YaAn, Sichuan Province, Sichuan, 625499 China
                Article
                867
                10.1186/s12985-017-0867-5
                5658932
                29078783
                ea1e864c-d05b-4ba5-be2a-b754f365eaa6
                © The Author(s). 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 12 February 2017
                : 11 October 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China (CN)
                Award ID: 31372223
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Microbiology & Virology
                giant panda,polyomavirus,complete genome
                Microbiology & Virology
                giant panda, polyomavirus, complete genome

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