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      Enhancement of phagocytosis and cytotoxicity in macrophages by tumor-derived IL-18 stimulation

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          Abstract

          Inoculation of mice with the murine NFSA cell line caused the formation of large tumors with necrotic tumor cores. FACS analysis revealed accumulations of CD11b + cells in the tumors. Microarray analysis indicated that the NFSA cells expressed a high level of the pro-inflammatory factor interleukin-18 ( il-18), which is known to play a critical role in macrophages. However, little is known about the physiological function of IL-18-stimulated macrophages. Here, we provide direct evidence that IL-18 enhances the phagocytosis of RAW264 cells and peritoneal macrophages, accompanied by the increased expression of tumor necrosis factor ( tnf-α), interleukin-6 ( il-6) and inducible nitric oxide synthase ( Nos2). IL-18-stimulated RAW264 cells showed an enhanced cytotoxicity to endothelial F-2 cells via direct cell-to-cell interaction and the secretion of soluble mediators. Taken together, our results demonstrate that tumor-derived IL-18 plays an important role in the phagocytosis of macrophages and that IL-18-stimulated macrophages may damage tumor endothelial cells. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(5): 286-291]

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          Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironments and the Progression of Tumors

          Zhiren Zhang, Ning-Bo Hao, Mu-Han Lü … (2012)
          Macrophages are widely distributed innate immune cells that play indispensable roles in the innate and adaptive immune response to pathogens and in-tissue homeostasis. Macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and polarized to functionally different phenotypes. Two distinct subsets of macrophages have been proposed, including classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. M1 macrophages express a series of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules, such as IL-12, IL-23, TNF- α , iNOS and MHCI/II. In contrast, M2 macrophages express a wide array of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, TGF- β , and arginase1. In most tumors, the infiltrated macrophages are considered to be of the M2 phenotype, which provides an immunosuppressive microenvironment for tumor growth. Furthermore, tumor-associated macrophages secrete many cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, which promote tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Recently, it was also found that tumor-associated macrophages interact with cancer stem cells. This interaction leads to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. So mediating macrophage to resist tumors is considered to be potential therapy.
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            Activation of interferon-gamma inducing factor mediated by interleukin-1beta converting enzyme.

            Y. Gu, K Kuida, H Tsutsui … (1997)
            The interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) converting enzyme (ICE) processes the inactive IL-1beta precursor to the proinflammatory cytokine. ICE was also shown to cleave the precursor of interferon-gamma inducing factor (IGIF) at the authentic processing site with high efficiency, thereby activating IGIF and facilitating its export. Lipopolysaccharide-activated ICE-deficient (ICE-/-) Kupffer cells synthesized the IGIF precursor but failed to process it into the active form. Interferon-gamma and IGIF were diminished in the sera of ICE-/- mice exposed to Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide. The lack of multiple proinflammatory cytokines in ICE-/- mice may account for their protection from septic shock.
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              p50 nuclear factor-kappaB overexpression in tumor-associated macrophages inhibits M1 inflammatory responses and antitumor resistance.

              Barbara Bottazzi, Antonio Sica, Norma C. La Porta … (2006)
              Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are a major inflammatory infiltrate in tumors and a major component of the protumor function of inflammation. TAM in established tumors generally have an M2 phenotype with defective production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and high IL-10. Here, we report that defective responsiveness of TAM from a murine fibrosarcoma and human ovarian carcinoma to M1 activation signals was associated with a massive nuclear localization of the p50 nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitory homodimer. p50 overexpression inhibited IL-12 expression in normal macrophages. TAM isolated from p50(-/-) mice showed normal production of M1 cytokines, associated with reduced growth of transplanted tumors. Bone marrow chimeras showed that p50 inactivation in hematopoietic cells was sufficient to result in reduced tumor growth. Thus, p50 NF-kappaB overexpression accounts for the inability of TAM to mount an effective M1 antitumor response capable of inhibiting tumor growth.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMB Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMB Rep
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ksbmb
                Title: BMB Reports
                Publisher: Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
                ISSN (Print): 1976-6696
                ISSN (Electronic): 1976-670X
                Publication date (Print): May 2014
                Volume: 47
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 286-291
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
                [2 ]School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Tel: +81-25-262-6151; Fax: +81-25-262-6151; E-mail: sugimoto@ 123456bio.sc.niigata-u.ac.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: BMB-47-286
                DOI: 10.5483/BMBRep.2014.47.5.152
                PMC ID: 4163866
                PubMed ID: 24286318
                SO-VID: ea298cb2-98eb-452f-bad0-e32637d2e430
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014, Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 02 July 2013
                Date revision received : 20 July 2013
                Date accepted : 05 September 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                Keywords: il-18,macrophages,phagocytosis,nos2,angiogenesis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: il-18, macrophages, phagocytosis, nos2, angiogenesis

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