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      Grassland afforestation in South America: Local scale impacts of eucalyptus plantations on Uruguayan mammals

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      Forest Ecology and Management
      Elsevier BV

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          Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution

          We present new global maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification at an unprecedented 1-km resolution for the present-day (1980–2016) and for projected future conditions (2071–2100) under climate change. The present-day map is derived from an ensemble of four high-resolution, topographically-corrected climatic maps. The future map is derived from an ensemble of 32 climate model projections (scenario RCP8.5), by superimposing the projected climate change anomaly on the baseline high-resolution climatic maps. For both time periods we calculate confidence levels from the ensemble spread, providing valuable indications of the reliability of the classifications. The new maps exhibit a higher classification accuracy and substantially more detail than previous maps, particularly in regions with sharp spatial or elevation gradients. We anticipate the new maps will be useful for numerous applications, including species and vegetation distribution modeling. The new maps including the associated confidence maps are freely available via www.gloh2o.org/koppen.
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            Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies

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              Status and ecological effects of the world's largest carnivores.

              Large carnivores face serious threats and are experiencing massive declines in their populations and geographic ranges around the world. We highlight how these threats have affected the conservation status and ecological functioning of the 31 largest mammalian carnivores on Earth. Consistent with theory, empirical studies increasingly show that large carnivores have substantial effects on the structure and function of diverse ecosystems. Significant cascading trophic interactions, mediated by their prey or sympatric mesopredators, arise when some of these carnivores are extirpated from or repatriated to ecosystems. Unexpected effects of trophic cascades on various taxa and processes include changes to bird, mammal, invertebrate, and herpetofauna abundance or richness; subsidies to scavengers; altered disease dynamics; carbon sequestration; modified stream morphology; and crop damage. Promoting tolerance and coexistence with large carnivores is a crucial societal challenge that will ultimately determine the fate of Earth's largest carnivores and all that depends upon them, including humans.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
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                Journal
                Forest Ecology and Management
                Forest Ecology and Management
                Elsevier BV
                03781127
                March 2021
                March 2021
                : 484
                : 118937
                Article
                10.1016/j.foreco.2021.118937
                ea6ad0af-6f74-4fcc-bada-d360c247a685
                © 2021

                https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

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