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      Potential Antivirals: Natural Products Targeting Replication Enzymes of Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses

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          Abstract

          Dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are reemergent arboviruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes of the Aedes genus. During the last several decades, these viruses have been responsible for millions of cases of infection and thousands of deaths worldwide. Therefore, several investigations were conducted over the past few years to find antiviral compounds for the treatment of DENV and CHIKV infections. One attractive strategy is the screening of compounds that target enzymes involved in the replication of both DENV and CHIKV. In this review, we describe advances in the evaluation of natural products targeting the enzymes involved in the replication of these viruses.

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          Dengue, Urbanization and Globalization: The Unholy Trinity of the 21st Century

          Duane J. Gubler (2011)
          Dengue is the most important arboviral disease of humans with over half of the world’s population living in areas of risk. The frequency and magnitude of epidemic dengue have increased dramatically in the past 40 years as the viruses and the mosquito vectors have both expanded geographically in the tropical regions of the world. There are many factors that have contributed to this emergence of epidemic dengue, but only three have been the principal drivers: 1) urbanization, 2) globalization and 3) lack of effective mosquito control. The dengue viruses have fully adapted to a human-Aedes aegypti-human transmission cycle, in the large urban centers of the tropics, where crowded human populations live in intimate association with equally large mosquito populations. This setting provides the ideal home for maintenance of the viruses and the periodic generation of epidemic strains. These cities all have modern airports through which 10s of millions of passengers pass each year, providing the ideal mechanism for transportation of viruses to new cities, regions and continents where there is little or no effective mosquito control. The result is epidemic dengue. This paper discusses this unholy trinity of drivers, along with disease burden, prevention and control and prospects for the future.
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            Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects

            Natasha Evelyn Anne Murray, Mikkel Quam, Annelies Wilder-Smith (2013)
            Dengue is currently regarded globally as the most important mosquito-borne viral disease. A history of symptoms compatible with dengue can be traced back to the Chin Dynasty of 265–420 AD. The virus and its vectors have now become widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world, particularly over the last half-century. Significant geographic expansion has been coupled with rapid increases in incident cases, epidemics, and hyperendemicity, leading to the more severe forms of dengue. Transmission of dengue is now present in every World Health Organization (WHO) region of the world and more than 125 countries are known to be dengue endemic. The true impact of dengue globally is difficult to ascertain due to factors such as inadequate disease surveillance, misdiagnosis, and low levels of reporting. Currently available data likely grossly underestimates the social, economic, and disease burden. Estimates of the global incidence of dengue infections per year have ranged between 50 million and 200 million; however, recent estimates using cartographic approaches suggest this number is closer to almost 400 million. The expansion of dengue is expected to increase due to factors such as the modern dynamics of climate change, globalization, travel, trade, socioeconomics, settlement and also viral evolution. No vaccine or specific antiviral therapy currently exists to address the growing threat of dengue. Prompt case detection and appropriate clinical management can reduce the mortality from severe dengue. Effective vector control is the mainstay of dengue prevention and control. Surveillance and improved reporting of dengue cases is also essential to gauge the true global situation as indicated in the objectives of the WHO Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control, 2012–2020. More accurate data will inform the prioritization of research, health policy, and financial resources toward reducing this poorly controlled disease. The objective of this paper is to review historical and current epidemiology of dengue worldwide and, additionally, reflect on some potential reasons for expansion of dengue into the future.
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              Incorporating a Rapid-Impact Package for Neglected Tropical Diseases with Programs for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria

              Peter Hotez, David H. Molyneux, Alan Fenwick … (2006)
              Hotez et al. argue that achieving success in the global fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria may well require a concurrent attack on the neglected tropical diseases.
              Article 0 comments Cited 254 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Thomas J. Schmidt: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 March 2017
                Publication date Collection: March 2017
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 505
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil; ana.oliveira@ 123456ifnmg.edu.br (A.F.C.d.S.O.); andre.oliveira@ 123456ifnmg.edu.br (A.S.d.O.)
                [2 ]Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas, 39900-000 Almenara, MG, Brazil
                [3 ]Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil; anapaulamartins20@ 123456hotmail.com (A.P.M.d.S.); milenelopesdasilva@ 123456yahoo.com.br (M.L.d.S.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: robsonr.teixeira@ 123456ufv.br (R.R.T.); depaula@ 123456ufv.br (S.O.d.P.); Tel.: +55-31-3899-3209 (R.R.T.); +55-31-3899-2589 (S.O.d.P.)
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-22-00505
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030505
                PMC ID: 6155337
                PubMed ID: 28327521
                SO-VID: ea6b3ee5-d6f9-43df-8717-35a25e03f8ab
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 20 December 2016
                Date accepted : 17 March 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: dengue,chikungunya,virus enzymes,antiviral,natural products
                Data availability:
                Keywords: dengue, chikungunya, virus enzymes, antiviral, natural products

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