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      Systematic Analysis of Hsf Family Genes in the Brassica napus Genome Reveals Novel Responses to Heat, Drought and High CO 2 Stresses

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          Abstract

          Drought and heat stress are major causes of lost plant crop yield. In the future, high levels of CO 2, in combination of other abiotic stress factors, will become a novel source of stress. Little is known of the mechanisms involved in the acclimation responses of plants to this combination of abiotic stress factors, though it has been demonstrated that heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) are involved in plant response to various abiotic stresses. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification and a systematic analysis of genes in the Hsf gene family in Brassica napus. A total of 64 genes encoding Hsf proteins were identified and classified into 3 major classes: A, B and C. We found that, unlike in other eudicots, the A9 subclass is absent in rapeseed. Further gene structure analysis revealed a loss of the only intron in the DBD domain for BnaHsf63 and - 64 within class C, which is evolutionarily conserved in all Hsf genes. Transcription profile results demonstrated that most BnaHsf family genes are upregulated by both drought and heat conditions, while some are responded to a high CO 2 treatment. According to the combined RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis, the A1E/A4A/A7 subclasses were upregulated by both drought and heat treatments. Members in class C seemed to be predominantly induced only by drought. Among BnaHsf genes, the A2/A3/B2 subclasses were regulated by all three abiotic stresses. Members in A2/B2 subclasses were upregulated by drought and heat treatments, but were downregulated under high CO 2 conditions. While the A3 subclass was upregulated by all the three abiotic stresses. Various stress-related cis-acting elements, enriched in promoter regions, were correlated with the transcriptional response of BnaHsfs to these abiotic stresses. Further study of these novel groups of multifunctional BnaHsf genes will improve our understanding of plant acclimation response to abiotic stresses, and may be useful for improving the abiotic stress resistance of crop varieties.

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          Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition.

          Dietary deficiencies of zinc and iron are a substantial global public health problem. An estimated two billion people suffer these deficiencies, causing a loss of 63 million life-years annually. Most of these people depend on C3 grains and legumes as their primary dietary source of zinc and iron. Here we report that C3 grains and legumes have lower concentrations of zinc and iron when grown under field conditions at the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration predicted for the middle of this century. C3 crops other than legumes also have lower concentrations of protein, whereas C4 crops seem to be less affected. Differences between cultivars of a single crop suggest that breeding for decreased sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 concentration could partly address these new challenges to global health.
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            ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signaling in response to osmotic stress in plants.

            Plants have adaptive robustness to osmotic stresses such as drought and high salinity. Numerous genes functioning in stress response and tolerance are induced under osmotic conditions in diverse plants. Various signaling proteins, such as transcription factors, protein kinases and phosphatases, play signal transduction roles during plant adaptation to osmotic stress, with involvement ranging from stress signal perception to stress-responsive gene expression. Recent progress has been made in analyzing the complex cascades of gene expression during osmotic stress response, and especially in identifying specificity and crosstalk in abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and ABA-independent signaling pathways. In this review, we highlight transcriptional regulation of gene expression governed by two key transcription factors: AREB/ABFs and DREB2A operating respectively in ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signaling pathways. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              General mechanisms of drought response and their application in drought resistance improvement in plants.

              Plants often encounter unfavorable environmental conditions because of their sessile lifestyle. These adverse factors greatly affect the geographic distribution of plants, as well as their growth and productivity. Drought stress is one of the premier limitations to global agricultural production due to the complexity of the water-limiting environment and changing climate. Plants have evolved a series of mechanisms at the morphological, physiological, biochemical, cellular, and molecular levels to overcome water deficit or drought stress conditions. The drought resistance of plants can be divided into four basic types-drought avoidance, drought tolerance, drought escape, and drought recovery. Various drought-related traits, including root traits, leaf traits, osmotic adjustment capabilities, water potential, ABA content, and stability of the cell membrane, have been used as indicators to evaluate the drought resistance of plants. In the last decade, scientists have investigated the genetic and molecular mechanisms of drought resistance to enhance the drought resistance of various crops, and significant progress has been made with regard to drought avoidance and drought tolerance. With increasing knowledge to comprehensively decipher the complicated mechanisms of drought resistance in model plants, it still remains an enormous challenge to develop water-saving and drought-resistant crops to cope with the water shortage and increasing demand for food production in the future.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                06 July 2017
                2017
                : 8
                : 1174
                Affiliations
                [1]Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Wuhan, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Ruth Grene, Virginia Tech, United States

                Reviewed by: Zhaoqing Chu, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center (CAS), China; Kazuo Nakashima, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Japan

                *Correspondence: Wei Hua, huawei@ 123456oilcrops.cn

                These authors have contributed equally to this work.

                This article was submitted to Plant Abiotic Stress, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2017.01174
                5498556
                28729874
                ea85bfba-cb45-408d-95b5-8373f03f99a1
                Copyright © 2017 Zhu, Huang, Zhang, Liu, Yu, Hu and Hua.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 10 April 2017
                : 19 June 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 55, Pages: 15, Words: 0
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Original Research

                Plant science & Botany
                hsf gene family,abiotic stress,high co2,gene expression,brassica napus
                Plant science & Botany
                hsf gene family, abiotic stress, high co2, gene expression, brassica napus

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