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      Editorial: low population mortality from COVID‐19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity

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          LINKED CONTENT

          This article is linked to Al‐Ani et al and Garg et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15779 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15796.

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          Modulation of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses by Vitamin D

          Claire L Greiller, Adrian Martineau (2015)
          Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies, and meta-analysis of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of ARI has demonstrated protective effects. Several cellular studies have investigated the effects of vitamin D metabolites on immune responses to respiratory viruses, but syntheses of these reports are lacking. Scope: In this article, we review the literature reporting results of in vitro experiments investigating immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D metabolites in human respiratory epithelial cells infected with respiratory viruses. Key findings: Vitamin D metabolites do not consistently influence replication or clearance of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cell culture, although they do modulate expression and secretion of type 1 interferon, chemokines including CXCL8 and CXCL10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. Future research: More studies are needed to clarify the effects of vitamin D metabolites on respiratory virus-induced expression of cell surface markers mediating viral entry and bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells.
          Article 0 comments Cited 209 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Vitamin D status in the United States, 2011–2014

            Kirsten Herrick, Renee Storandt, Joseph Afful … (2019)
            Vitamin D is important for bone health; in 2014 it was the fifth most commonly ordered laboratory test among Medicare Part B payments. The aim of this study was to describe vitamin D status in the US population in 2011–2014 and trends from 2003 to 2014. We used serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D data from NHANES 2011–2014 (n = 16,180), and estimated the prevalence at risk of deficiency (<30 nmol/L) or prevalence at risk of inadequacy (30–49 nmol/L) by age, sex, race and Hispanic origin, and dietary intake of vitamin D. We also present trends between 2003 and 2014. In 2011–2014, the percentage aged ≥1 y at risk of vitamin D deficiency or inadequacy was 5.0% (95% CI: 4.1%, 6.2%) and 18.3% (95% CI: 16.2%, 20.6%). The prevalence of at risk of deficiency was lowest among children aged 1–5 y (0.5%; 95% CI: 0.3%, 1.1%), peaked among adults aged 20–39 y (7.6%; 95% CI: 6.0%, 9.6%), and fell to 2.9% (95% CI: 2.0%, 4.0%) among adults aged ≥60 y; the prevalence of at risk of inadequacy was similar. The prevalence of at risk of deficiency was higher among non-Hispanic black (17.5%; 95% CI: 15.2%, 20.0%) than among non-Hispanic Asian (7.6%; 95% CI: 5.9%, 9.9%), non-Hispanic white (2.1%; 95% CI: 1.5%, 2.7%), and Hispanic (5.9%; 95% CI: 4.4%, 7.8%) persons; the prevalence of at risk of inadequacy was similar. Persons with higher vitamin D dietary intake or who used supplements had lower prevalences of at risk of deficiency or inadequacy. From 2003 to 2014 there was no change in the risk of vitamin D deficiency; the risk of inadequacy declined from 21.0% (95% CI: 17.9%, 24.5%) to 17.7% (95% CI: 16.0%, 19.7%). The prevalence of at risk of vitamin D deficiency in the United States remained stable from 2003 to 2014; at risk of inadequacy declined. Differences in vitamin D status by race and Hispanic origin warrant additional investigation.
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              Vitamin D and risk of future hypertension: meta-analysis of 283,537 participants.

              Marinka Steur, Tanefa A. Apekey, Setor Kunutsor (2013)
              The evidence on the association between baseline vitamin D status and risk of incident hypertension in general populations is limited and has not been reliably quantified. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published prospective studies evaluating the associations of baseline vitamin D status (circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and dietary vitamin D intake) with risk of hypertension. Eligible studies were identified in a literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to November 2012. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random effects models. Generalized least-squares trend estimation was used to assess dose-response relationships. Of the 2,432 articles reviewed for eligibility, eight unique prospective cohorts with aggregate data on 283,537 non-overlapping participants and 55,816 incident hypertension cases were included. The RRs (95% CIs) for hypertension in a comparison of extreme thirds of baseline levels of vitamin D were 0.70 (0.58, 0.86) for seven studies that measured blood 25(OH) D levels and 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) for four studies that assessed dietary vitamin D intake. The pooled RR of incident hypertension per 10 ng/mL increment in baseline 25(OH)D levels was 0.88 (0.81, 0.97) in dose-response analysis. Evidence was lacking of heterogeneity among studies that measured blood 25(OH) D levels and those that assessed dietary vitamin D status. Studies are needed to determine whether the association of vitamin D with hypertension represents a causal association and also to determine whether vitamin D therapy may be beneficial in the prevention or the treatment of hypertension.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jonathan M. Rhodes:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1302-260X
                rhodesjm@liverpool.ac.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Aliment Pharmacol Ther
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2036
                Journal ID (publisher-id): APT
                Title: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0269-2813
                ISSN (Electronic): 1365-2036
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 April 2020
                Publication date (Print): June 2020
                Volume: 51
                Issue: 12 ( doiID: 10.1111/apt.v51.12 )
                Pages: 1434-1437
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
                [ 2 ] The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing School of Medicine Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
                [ 3 ] Department of Medical Gerontology Mercers Institute for Ageing St James Hospital Dublin 8 Ireland
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1302-260X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6483-1730
                Article
                Publisher ID: APT15777
                DOI: 10.1111/apt.15777
                PMC ID: 7264531
                PubMed ID: 32311755
                SO-VID: eab83014-eb9e-42a4-9e87-98d670d2763e
                Copyright © © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
                License:

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Pages: 4, Words: 2663
                Funding
                Funded by: MSD
                Funded by: Abbvie , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100006483;
                Funded by: Actavis
                Funded by: Dr Falk pharmaceutics
                Funded by: Vifor pharmaceuticals
                Categories
                Subject: Invited Editorial
                Subject: Invited Editorials
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date June 2020
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.3 mode:remove_FC converted:02.06.2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine

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