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      Covid-19 and its impact on immunization programs: reflections from Brazil

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          ABSTRACT

          Due to social distancing guidelines and the displacement of both human and material resources to fight the covid-19 pandemic, individuals seeking healthcare services face certain challenges. Immunization programs have already been a worrisome topic for health authorities due to declines in vaccine uptake rates and are now especially affected by the covid-19 pandemic. Disbelief in science, dissemination of fake news about vaccines, socioeconomic vulnerability and social inequality are some of the challenges faced. This commentary article discusses the impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on immunization programs in Brazil. In light of advances (and notability) of Brazil's national immunization program, established in the 1970s, the programs face challenges, such as the recent drop in vaccine uptake rates. In addition to this health crisis, there is also Brazil's current political crisis, which will undoubtedly require assistance from researchers, policymakers and society to be fixed.

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          Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak

          A. WILDER-SMITH, D Freedman (2020)
          Public health measures were decisive in controlling the SARS epidemic in 2003. Isolation is the separation of ill persons from non-infected persons. Quarantine is movement restriction, often with fever surveillance, of contacts when it is not evident whether they have been infected but are not yet symptomatic or have not been infected. Community containment includes measures that range from increasing social distancing to community-wide quarantine. Whether these measures will be sufficient to control 2019-nCoV depends on addressing some unanswered questions.
          Article 0 comments Cited 902 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Routine Pediatric Vaccine Ordering and Administration — United States, 2020

            Jeanne Santoli, Megan C Lindley, Malini B. DeSilva … (2020)
            On March 13, 2020, the president of the United States declared a national emergency in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (1). With reports of laboratory-confirmed cases in all 50 states by that time (2), disruptions were anticipated in the U.S. health care system's ability to continue providing routine preventive and other nonemergency care. In addition, many states and localities issued shelter-in-place or stay-at-home orders to reduce the spread of COVID-19, limiting movement outside the home to essential activities (3). On March 24, CDC posted guidance emphasizing the importance of routine well child care and immunization, particularly for children aged ≤24 months, when many childhood vaccines are recommended.
            Article 0 comments Cited 294 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Vaccine confidence in the time of COVID-19

              Emily Harrison, Julia W Wu (2020)
              In the early months of the COVID-19 epidemic, some have wondered if the force of this global experience will solve the problem of vaccine refusal that has vexed and preoccupied the global public health community for the last several decades. Drawing on historical and epidemiological analyses, we critique contemporary approaches to reducing vaccine hesitancy and articulate our notion of vaccine confidence as an expanded way of conceptualizing the problem and how to respond to it. Intervening on the rush of vaccine optimism we see pervading present discourse around the COVID-19 epidemic, we call for a re-imagination of the culture of public health and the meaning of vaccine safety regulations. Public confidence in vaccination programs depends on the work they do for the community—social, political, and moral as well as biological. The concept of public health and its programs must be broader than the delivery of the vaccine technology itself. The narrative work and policy actions entailed in actualizing such changes will, we expect, be essential in achieving a true vaccine confidence, however the public reacts to the specific vaccine that may be developed for COVID-19.
              Article 0 comments Cited 214 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Rev Saude Publica
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Rev Saude Publica
                Journal ID (publisher-id): rsp
                Title: Revista de Saúde Pública
                Publisher: Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo
                ISSN (Print): 0034-8910
                ISSN (Electronic): 1518-8787
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 04 November 2020
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2020
                Volume: 54
                Electronic Location Identifier: 114
                Affiliations
                [I ] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Preventiva São Paulo SP Brasil originalUniversidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
                [II ] orgnameUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina orgdiv1Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Araranguá SC Brasil originalUniversidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Departamento de Ciências da Saúde. Araranguá, SC, Brasil
                [III ] orgnameUniversidade Católica de Santos Santos SP Brasil originalUniversidade Católica de Santos. Santos, SP, Brasil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Camila Carvalho de Souza Amorim Matos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Av. Governador Jorge Lacerda, 3201 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brasil. E-mail: camilacarvalhoamorim@ 123456gmail.com

                Authors’ Contribution:

                Study design and planning: CCSAM, CLAB, MTC. Data collection: CCSAM, CLAB. Data analysis and interpretation: CCSAM, CLAB, MTC. Manuscript development: CCSAM, CLAB, MTC. Manuscript review: MTC. Approval of the final version: CCSAM, CLAB, MTC.

                Conflict of Interest:

                The authors declare no conflict of interest.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8395-4875
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5082-6674
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-4190
                Article
                Other ID: 00611
                DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054003042
                PMC ID: 7647464
                PubMed ID: 33175028
                SO-VID: eac1fd1f-77e0-4f6c-bf92-a8dbca4ae3cd
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 11 August 2020
                Date accepted : 30 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34
                Categories
                Subject: Comment

                Keywords: coronavirus infections,immunization,immunization programs,unified health system,health care systems
                Data availability:
                Keywords: coronavirus infections, immunization, immunization programs, unified health system, health care systems

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