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      Temporal shifts of nitrite reducing communities in a rice field soil in Ibague (Colombia) Translated title: Cambios temporales de las comunidades reductoras de nitrito en un campo de suelo arrocero en Ibagué (Colombia)

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          Abstract

          Denitrification and nitrification are microbial processes that regulate the cycle of nitrogen and nitrous oxide, which is considered an important greenhouse gas. Rice field soils have been known to have strong denitrifying activities; however, the microorganism structure that is responsible for denitrification and the temporal variation of these communities in the agricultural soils of Ibague (Colombia) is not well known. In this study, the denitrifying community composition was compared between a rice field soil and an uncultivated soil at three different times during the year using a terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the nirS functional gene, which codes the enzyme that reduces nitrite, one of the key steps in the denitrification process. The results showed changes in the richness, relative abundance and diversity of the operational taxonomic units between the soils and sampling times. The canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the moisture and the pH were the environmental factors that explained the observed changes in the nirS-type denitrifiers' community composition in the studied soils.

          Translated abstract

          La desnitrificación y la nitrificación son procesos microbianos que regulan el ciclo del nitrógeno y del óxido nitroso, el cual es considerado como un importante gas invernadero. Los suelos cultivados con arroz presentan una fuerte actividad desnitrificante, sin embargo, la estructura de los microorganismos responsables de la desnitrificación y la variación temporal de estas comunidades en suelos agrícolas de Ibagué (Colombia) no es muy conocida. En este estudio se comparó la composición de la comunidad desnitrificante entre un suelo cultivado con arroz y uno no cultivado, en tres épocas del año, usando el análisis del polimorfismo de los fragmentos de restricción terminal del gen funcional nirS que codifica la enzima que reduce el nitrito, uno de los pasos claves del proceso de desnitrificación. Los resultados mostraron cambios en la riqueza, abundancia relativa y diversidad de unidades taxonómicas operacionales entre los suelos y épocas de muestreo. El análisis de correspondencia canónica indicó que la humedad y el pH fueron los factores ambientales que explicaron los cambios observados en la composición de las comunidades desnitrificantes tipo nirS en los suelos estudiados.

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          Soil microbial community responses to multiple experimental climate change drivers.

          Researchers agree that climate change factors such as rising atmospheric [CO2] and warming will likely interact to modify ecosystem properties and processes. However, the response of the microbial communities that regulate ecosystem processes is less predictable. We measured the direct and interactive effects of climatic change on soil fungal and bacterial communities (abundance and composition) in a multifactor climate change experiment that exposed a constructed old-field ecosystem to different atmospheric CO2 concentration (ambient, +300 ppm), temperature (ambient, +3 degrees C), and precipitation (wet and dry) might interact to alter soil bacterial and fungal abundance and community structure in an old-field ecosystem. We found that (i) fungal abundance increased in warmed treatments; (ii) bacterial abundance increased in warmed plots with elevated atmospheric [CO2] but decreased in warmed plots under ambient atmospheric [CO2]; (iii) the phylogenetic distribution of bacterial and fungal clones and their relative abundance varied among treatments, as indicated by changes in 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA genes; (iv) changes in precipitation altered the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, where Acidobacteria decreased with a concomitant increase in the Proteobacteria in wet relative to dry treatments; and (v) changes in precipitation altered fungal community composition, primarily through lineage specific changes within a recently discovered group known as soil clone group I. Taken together, our results indicate that climate change drivers and their interactions may cause changes in bacterial and fungal overall abundance; however, changes in precipitation tended to have a much greater effect on the community composition. These results illustrate the potential for complex community changes in terrestrial ecosystems under climate change scenarios that alter multiple factors simultaneously.
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            Activity and composition of the denitrifying bacterial community respond differently to long-term fertilization.

            The objective of this study was to explore the long-term effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on activity and composition of the denitrifying and total bacterial communities in arable soil. Soil from the following six treatments was analyzed in an experimental field site established in 1956: cattle manure, sewage sludge, Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, and unfertilized and unfertilized bare fallow. All plots but the fallow were planted with corn. The activity was measured in terms of potential denitrification rate and basal soil respiration. The nosZ and narG genes were used as functional markers of the denitrifying community, and the composition was analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of nosZ and restriction fragment length polymorphism of narG, together with cloning and sequencing. A fingerprint of the total bacterial community was assessed by ribosomal intergenic spacer region analysis (RISA). The potential denitrification rates were higher in plots treated with organic fertilizer than in those with only mineral fertilizer. The basal soil respiration rates were positively correlated to soil carbon content, and the highest rates were found in the plots with the addition of sewage sludge. Fingerprints of the nosZ and narG genes, as well as the RISA, showed significant differences in the corresponding communities in the plots treated with (NH4)2SO4 and sewage sludge, which exhibited the lowest pH. In contrast, similar patterns were observed among the other four treatments, unfertilized plots with and without crops and the plots treated with Ca(NO3)2 or with manure. This study shows that the addition of different fertilizers affects both the activity and the composition of the denitrifying communities in arable soil on a long-term basis. However, the treatments in which the denitrifying and bacterial community composition differed the most did not correspond to treatments with the most different activities, showing that potential activity was uncoupled to community composition.
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              Nitrogen Cycling in Rice Paddy Environments: Past Achievements and Future Challenges

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                agc
                Agronomía Colombiana
                Agron. colomb.
                Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Agronomía
                0120-9965
                April 2016
                : 34
                : 1
                : 82-91
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad del Tolima Colombia
                [2 ] Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) Brazil
                Article
                S0120-99652016000100010
                10.15446/agron.colomb.v34n1.52993
                ead152fb-f200-43cc-a457-a4972493a74c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-9965&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRONOMY

                Horticulture
                desnitrificación,ciclo del nitrógeno,microorganismos del suelo,gen nirS,diversidad,denitrification,nitrogen cycle,soil microorganisms,nirS gene,diversity

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