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      Characterization of pain in the first two weeks after tonsillectomy in children 3 to 8 years old. A pilot study Translated title: Caracterización del dolor en las primeras dos semanas tras amigdalectomía en niños de 3 a 8 años. Un estudio piloto

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          Abstract

          SUMMARY: Introduction and objective: To study the pain in children is a challenge. Tonsillectomy is a very common and painful surgical procedure in which there are still barriers to warrant an adequate pain management. The purpose of this study is to characterize the pain after surgery in children between 3 and 8 years-old who underwent tonsillectomy. Method: We performed a descriptive, observational and prospective study in children aged 3 to 8 who underwent tonsillectomy. The data collection was made through a pain questionnaire based in the intensity of pain from 0-10 in the Wong Baker scale (based on drawn faces). Parents also fulfilled other questions about the days that the children could not attend the school and the working days that the parents themselves lost. The analgesic treatment that each child received was also recorded. Results: Twenty-nine patient were included, 14 girls and 15 boys with a median age of 4. The highest level of pain was found the second day with a median value of 3,0. This second day was so chosen to compare the level of pain between indications. The median pain was 3,0 when it was for obstructive disease, but 4,0 when obstruction was associated with facial growth disorders. Children lost a median of 8 days at school and their parents 2 days at work each one. Discussion: Our limited data suggest that the long-term side effects of the upper airway obstruction due to tonsillar hypertrophy like disorders of facial growth made the surgery more painful and that the pain had in our environment a greater impact in patients and their parents lifes. It appears to be important to stablish a scheduled analgesic treatment for the first 10 days after surgery.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN: Introducción y objetivo: El dolor en niños ha sido siempre un reto terapéutico. La amigdalectomía es una cirugía muy prevalente y dolorosa, la cual aun presenta barreras para garantizar un adecuado control analgésico. El objetivo fue describir la mediana de dolor postoperatorio en niños entre 3 y 8 años que han sido intervenidos de una cirugía amigdalar. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, prospectivo y longitudinal en niños de 3 a 8 años del Hospital Universitario Quirón Pozuelo Madrid intervenidos de amigdalectomía durante el año 2020. La recogida de datos se realizó mediante un cuestionario de dolor, marcando la intensidad de este del 0-10 en la escala de dolor de Wong Baker (basado en dibujos con caras). Además, completaron otras preguntas sobre la indicación quirúrgica, los días lectivos perdidos por el niño y los laborables por los padres y la analgesia que recibió el niño. Resultados: Se incluyeron 29 pacientes, 14 niñas y 15 niños con una mediana de edad de 4. La mediana de dolor más alto se encontró el 2º día con un valor de 3,0. Por tanto, elegimos el 2º día para comparar la magnitud de dolor entre las distintas indicaciones. En función de la indicación quirúrgica, la mediana de dolor por obstrucción fue de 3,0, en cambio fue de 4,0 en los intervenidos por obstrucción en conjunto con alteraciones del crecimiento facial. Los niños perdieron una mediana de 8 días en el colegio y los padres perdieron una mediana de 2 días cada uno en el trabajo. Discusión: Los datos límitados que tenemos sugieren que la cronicidad de la obstrucción por la hipertrofia amigdalar dando lugar a alteraciones del crecimiento facial hizo la operación más dolorosa y además, el dolor tuvo unas mayores consecuencias en la vida diaria del paciente y sus progenitores. Es de gran importancia esforzarnos en cumplir una pauta analgésica en el postoperatorio los 10 primeros días.

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          Obstructive sleep apnea in children: a critical update

          Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is a highly prevalent disorder caused by a conglomeration of complex pathophysiological processes, leading to recurrent upper airway dysfunction during sleep. The clinical relevance of OSA resides in its association with significant morbidities that affect the cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and metabolic systems. The American Academy of Pediatrics recently reiterated its recommendations that children with symptoms and signs suggestive of OSA should be investigated with polysomnography (PSG), and treated accordingly. However, treatment decisions should not only be guided by PSG results, but should also integrate the magnitude of symptoms and the presence or absence of risk factors and signs of OSA morbidity. The first-line therapy in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy is adenotonsillectomy, although there is increasing evidence that medical therapy, in the form of intranasal steroids or montelukast, may be considered in mild OSA. In this review, we delineate the major concepts regarding the pathophysiology of OSA, its morbidity, diagnosis, and treatment.
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            Postoperative pain management in children and infants: an update.

            Many factors contribute to suboptimal pain management in children. Current evidence suggests that severe pain in children has significant long-lasting effects, even more so than in adults. In particular, recent evidence suggests a lack of optimal postoperative pain management in children, especially following ambulatory surgery. This review provides simple guidelines for the management of postoperative pain in children. It discusses the long-term effects of severe pain and how to evaluate pain in both healthy and neurologically impaired children, including neonates. Currently available treatment options are discussed with reference to the efficacy and side effects of opioid and non-opioid and regional analgesic techniques. The impact of preoperative anxiety on postoperative pain, and the efficacy of some nonpharmacological techniques such as hypnosis or distraction, are also discussed. Finally, basic organizational strategies are described, aiming to promote safer and more efficient postoperative pain management in children.
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              Effective postoperative pain management in children after ambulatory surgery, with a focus on tonsillectomy: barriers and possible solutions

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                orl
                Revista ORL
                Rev. ORL
                Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain )
                2444-7986
                September 2022
                : 13
                : 3
                : 203-210
                Affiliations
                [2] Villaviciosa de Odon Madrid orgnameUniversidad Europea de Madrid orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud Spain
                [1] Móstoles Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos orgdiv1Servicio de Otorrinolaringología España
                [3] Pozuelo Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid orgdiv1Servicio de Otorrinolaringología España
                Article
                S2444-79862022000400002 S2444-7986(22)01300300002
                10.14201/orl.28188
                eadb2389-2512-4250-b05a-0a337651f647

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 February 2022
                : 17 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original articles

                niños,Wong Baker scale,tonsillectomy,children,pain,Wong Baker,amigdalectomía,dolor

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