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      Treadmill exercise ameliorates depressive symptoms through increasing serotonin expression in postpartum depression rats

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          Abstract

          Postpartum depression (PPD) is defined as the depressive symptoms that occur from the moment of delivery until 12 months after delivery. PPD symptoms are closely associated with reduced activity of the serotonergic system. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of 5-HT biosynthesis in the serotonergic neurons. Exercise exerts anti-depressive effect on depression patients as well as on animal models of depression. In the present study, the effect of treadmill exercise on PPD was investigated using rats. For this study, open field test for activity and forced swimming test for depressive symptoms, and immunohistochemistry for 5-HT and TPH were conducted. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 2 weeks. Activity in the open field test was decreased in the postpartum rats, however, performing treadmill running increased activity in the postpartum rats. The climbing time was decreased and the immobility time was increased in the postpartum rats. Treadmill exercise increased climbing time and suppressed immobility time in the postpartum rats. 5-HT and TPH expressions in the dorsal raphe were suppressed in the postpartum rats, and treadmill exercise enhanced 5-HT and TPH expressions in the postpartum rats. Treadmill exercise ameliorated the PPD very effectively by enhancing serotonin level.

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          Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression.

          James Blumenthal, Michael A. Babyak, Kathleen Moore … (1999)
          Previous observational and interventional studies have suggested that regular physical exercise may be associated with reduced symptoms of depression. However, the extent to which exercise training may reduce depressive symptoms in older patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) has not been systematically evaluated. To assess the effectiveness of an aerobic exercise program compared with standard medication (ie, antidepressants) for treatment of MDD in older patients, we conducted a 16-week randomized controlled trial. One hundred fifty-six men and women with MDD (age, > or = 50 years) were assigned randomly to a program of aerobic exercise, antidepressants (sertraline hydrochloride), or combined exercise and medication. Subjects underwent comprehensive evaluations of depression, including the presence and severity of MDD using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores before and after treatment. Secondary outcome measures included aerobic capacity, life satisfaction, self-esteem, anxiety, and dysfunctional cognitions. After 16 weeks of treatment, the groups did not differ statistically on HAM-D or BDI scores (P = .67); adjustment for baseline levels of depression yielded an essentially identical result. Growth curve models revealed that all groups exhibited statistically and clinically significant reductions on HAM-D and BDI scores. However, patients receiving medication alone exhibited the fastest initial response; among patients receiving combination therapy, those with less severe depressive symptoms initially showed a more rapid response than those with initially more severe depressive symptoms. An exercise training program may be considered an alternative to antidepressants for treatment of depression in older persons. Although antidepressants may facilitate a more rapid initial therapeutic response than exercise, after 16 weeks of treatment exercise was equally effective in reducing depression among patients with MDD.
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            Serotoninergic regulation of emotional and behavioural control processes.

            Roshan Cools, Trevor W. Robbins, Gordon Roberts (2007)
            5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) has long been implicated in a wide variety of emotional, cognitive and behavioural control processes. However, its precise contribution is still not well understood. Depletion of 5-HT enhances behavioural and brain responsiveness to punishment or other aversive signals, while disinhibiting previously rewarded but now punished behaviours. Findings suggest that 5-HT modulates the impact of punishment-related signals on learning and emotion (aversion), but also promotes response inhibition. Exaggerated aversive processing and deficient response inhibition could underlie distinct symptoms of a range of affective disorders, namely stress- or threat-vulnerability and compulsive behaviour, respectively. We review evidence from studies with human volunteers and experimental animals that begins to elucidate the neurobiological systems underlying these different effects.
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              Brain-derived neurotrophic factor produces antidepressant effects in behavioral models of depression.

              R. Duman, S. Russell, Huanchun Chen … (2002)
              Previous studies demonstrated that antidepressant treatment increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat hippocampus. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that BDNF in the hippocampus produces an antidepressant effect in behavioral models of depression, the learned helplessness (LH) and forced swim test (FST) paradigms. A single bilateral infusion of BDNF into the dentate gyrus of hippocampus produced an antidepressant effect in both the LH and FST that was comparable in magnitude with repeated systemic administration of a chemical antidepressant. These effects were observed as early as 3 d after a single infusion of BDNF and lasted for at least 10 d. Similar effects were observed with neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) but not nerve growth factor. Infusions of BDNF and NT-3 did not influence locomotor activity or passive avoidance. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that BDNF contributes to the therapeutic action of antidepressant treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Exerc Rehabil
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Exerc Rehabil
                Title: Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation
                Publisher: Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation
                ISSN (Print): 2288-176X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2288-1778
                Publication date Collection: April 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 April 2017
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 130-135
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
                [2 ]Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Seonam University, Asan, Korea
                [3 ]School of Exercise & Sport Science, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Kijeong Kim http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9233-3096, School of Exercise & Sport Science, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Korea, Tel: +82-52-259-2381, Fax: +82-52-259-1696, E-mail: kijeongk@ 123456ulsan.ac.kr
                Article
                Publisher ID: jer-13-2-130
                DOI: 10.12965/jer.1734968.484
                PMC ID: 5412484
                SO-VID: eaf8dc04-d353-40f5-9474-ab53885f7c85
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 01 February 2017
                Date accepted : 19 April 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: postpartum depression,5-hydroxytryptamine,tryptophan hydroxylase,treadmill exercise
                Data availability:
                Keywords: postpartum depression, 5-hydroxytryptamine, tryptophan hydroxylase, treadmill exercise

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