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      The Effects of Acute Exercise on Mood, Cognition, Neurophysiology, and Neurochemical Pathways: A Review

      review-article
      Author(s): , *
      Publication date (Electronic, preprint):
      Publication date (Electronic, pub):
      Publication date (Electronic, collection):
      Journal: Brain Plasticity
      Publisher: IOS Press
      Keywords: Running, affect, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, electroencephalography, neuroimaging, neurochemistry, neurogenesis

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          Abstract

          A significant body of work has investigated the effects of acute exercise, defined as a single bout of physical activity, on mood and cognitive functions in humans. Several excellent recent reviews have summarized these findings; however, the neurobiological basis of these results has received less attention. In this review, we will first briefly summarize the cognitive and behavioral changes that occur with acute exercise in humans. We will then review the results from both human and animal model studies documenting the wide range of neurophysiological and neurochemical alterations that occur after a single bout of exercise. Finally, we will discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and missing elements in the current literature, as well as offer an acute exercise standardization protocol and provide possible goals for future research.

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          Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system.

          György Buzsáki, Edvard Moser (2013)
          Theories on the functions of the hippocampal system are based largely on two fundamental discoveries: the amnestic consequences of removing the hippocampus and associated structures in the famous patient H.M. and the observation that spiking activity of hippocampal neurons is associated with the spatial position of the rat. In the footsteps of these discoveries, many attempts were made to reconcile these seemingly disparate functions. Here we propose that mechanisms of memory and planning have evolved from mechanisms of navigation in the physical world and hypothesize that the neuronal algorithms underlying navigation in real and mental space are fundamentally the same. We review experimental data in support of this hypothesis and discuss how specific firing patterns and oscillatory dynamics in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus can support both navigation and memory.
          Article 0 comments Cited 642 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: the HAROLD model.

            Roberto Cabeza (2002)
            A model of the effects of aging on brain activity during cognitive performance is introduced. The model is called HAROLD (hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults), and it states that, under similar circumstances, prefrontal activity during cognitive performances tends to be less lateralized in older adults than in younger adults. The model is supported by functional neuroimaging and other evidence in the domains of episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, perception, and inhibitory control. Age-related hemispheric asymmetry reductions may have a compensatory function or they may reflect a dedifferentiation process. They may have a cognitive or neural origin, and they may reflect regional or network mechanisms. The HAROLD model is a cognitive neuroscience model that integrates ideas and findings from psychology and neuroscience of aging.
            Article 0 comments Cited 630 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway.

              Christiane D Wrann, James P White, John Salogiannnis … (2013)
              Exercise can improve cognitive function and has been linked to the increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving the elevation of this neurotrophin remain unknown. Here we show that FNDC5, a previously identified muscle protein that is induced in exercise and is cleaved and secreted as irisin, is also elevated by endurance exercise in the hippocampus of mice. Neuronal Fndc5 gene expression is regulated by PGC-1α, and Pgc1a(-/-) mice show reduced Fndc5 expression in the brain. Forced expression of FNDC5 in primary cortical neurons increases Bdnf expression, whereas RNAi-mediated knockdown of FNDC5 reduces Bdnf. Importantly, peripheral delivery of FNDC5 to the liver via adenoviral vectors, resulting in elevated blood irisin, induces expression of Bdnf and other neuroprotective genes in the hippocampus. Taken together, our findings link endurance exercise and the important metabolic mediators, PGC-1α and FNDC5, with BDNF expression in the brain. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 547 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Brain Plast
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Brain Plast
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BPL
                Title: Brain Plasticity
                Publisher: IOS Press (Nieuwe Hemweg 6B, 1013 BG Amsterdam, The Netherlands )
                ISSN (Print): 2213-6304
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-6312
                Publication date (Electronic, preprint): 13 February 2017
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 28 March 2017
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2017
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 127-152
                Affiliations
                [1]Center for Neural Science, New York University , New York, NY, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Wendy A. Suzuki, Ph.D., 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA. Tel.: +1 212 998 3734; Fax: +1 212 995 4011; E-mail: wendy@ 123456cns.nyu.edu .
                Article
                Publisher ID: BPL160040
                DOI: 10.3233/BPL-160040
                PMC ID: 5928534
                PubMed ID: 29765853
                SO-VID: eb01b6bc-6a0b-469c-ab9d-8e4622144207
                Copyright © © 2016/2017 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: running,affect,prefrontal cortex,hippocampus,electroencephalography,neuroimaging,neurochemistry,neurogenesis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: running, affect, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, electroencephalography, neuroimaging, neurochemistry, neurogenesis

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