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      Air pollution and associated self-reported effects on the exposed students at Malakand division, Pakistan

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          Abstract

          Air pollution is associated with several severe physical, behavioral, and psychological health risks and glitches. Air pollution has been linked to 11 million premature deaths in Pakistan, out of the total 153 million premature deaths worldwide. Air pollution is continuously growing as a threatening challenge for Pakistan. Keeping this in view, the current study was designed to assess air pollution in terms of air quality index (AQI), particulate matters (PM 2.5 and PM 10), SO 2, NO 2, and O 3 over six districts of Malakand division, Northern Pakistan. The second part of the study appraised the associated self-reported effects of air pollution on Pakistani students and the practices, perceptions, and awareness of the students regarding air pollution through a closed-ended questionnaire, administered to 4100 students. The first section of the questionnaire was focused on the physical effects associated with air pollution; the second section was focused on air pollution–linked behavior and psychology; the third portion was focused on perception and awareness of the subjects, whereas the final section was focused on practices and concerns of the subjects regarding air pollution. The students reported that exposure to air pollution significantly affected their physical health, behavior, and psychology. The subjects were aware of the different air pollutants and health complications associated with air pollution, and therefore had adopted preventive measures. It was concluded that air pollution had adverse impacts on the physical and psychological health of the respondents, which consequently altered their behavior. Mass awareness, proper mitigating plan, suitable management, and implementation of strict environmental laws are suggested before the air gets further polluted and becomes life-threatening.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10661-021-09484-2.

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          Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution.

          C. Arden Pope III (2002)
          Associations have been found between day-to-day particulate air pollution and increased risk of various adverse health outcomes, including cardiopulmonary mortality. However, studies of health effects of long-term particulate air pollution have been less conclusive. To assess the relationship between long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution and all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality. Vital status and cause of death data were collected by the American Cancer Society as part of the Cancer Prevention II study, an ongoing prospective mortality study, which enrolled approximately 1.2 million adults in 1982. Participants completed a questionnaire detailing individual risk factor data (age, sex, race, weight, height, smoking history, education, marital status, diet, alcohol consumption, and occupational exposures). The risk factor data for approximately 500 000 adults were linked with air pollution data for metropolitan areas throughout the United States and combined with vital status and cause of death data through December 31, 1998. All-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality. Fine particulate and sulfur oxide--related pollution were associated with all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality. Each 10-microg/m(3) elevation in fine particulate air pollution was associated with approximately a 4%, 6%, and 8% increased risk of all-cause, cardiopulmonary, and lung cancer mortality, respectively. Measures of coarse particle fraction and total suspended particles were not consistently associated with mortality. Long-term exposure to combustion-related fine particulate air pollution is an important environmental risk factor for cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality.
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            Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict.

            Solomon Hsiang, Marshall Burke, Edward Miguel (2013)
            A rapidly growing body of research examines whether human conflict can be affected by climatic changes. Drawing from archaeology, criminology, economics, geography, history, political science, and psychology, we assemble and analyze the 60 most rigorous quantitative studies and document, for the first time, a striking convergence of results. We find strong causal evidence linking climatic events to human conflict across a range of spatial and temporal scales and across all major regions of the world. The magnitude of climate's influence is substantial: for each one standard deviation (1σ) change in climate toward warmer temperatures or more extreme rainfall, median estimates indicate that the frequency of interpersonal violence rises 4% and the frequency of intergroup conflict rises 14%. Because locations throughout the inhabited world are expected to warm 2σ to 4σ by 2050, amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical impact of anthropogenic climate change.
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              Is Open Access

              Air Pollution and Symptoms of Depression in Elderly Adults

              Youn Hee Lim, Ho Min Kim, Jin Kim … (2012)
              Background: Although the effect of air pollution on various diseases has been extensively investigated, few studies have examined its effect on depression. Objectives: We investigated the effect of air pollution on symptoms of depression in an elderly population. Methods: We enrolled 537 participants in the study who regularly visited a community center for the elderly located in Seoul, Korea. The Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (SGDS-K) was used to evaluate depressive symptomatology during a 3-year follow-up study. We associated ambient air pollutants with SGDS-K results using generalized estimating equations (GEE). We also conducted a factor analysis with items on the SGDS-K to determine which symptoms were associated with air pollution. Results: SGDS-K scores were positively associated with interquartile range (IQR) increases in the 3-day moving average concentration of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM10) [17.0% increase in SGDS-K score, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.9%, 30.5%], the 0–7 day moving average of nitrogen dioxide [NO2; 32.8% (95% CI: 12.6%, 56.6%)], and the 3-day moving average of ozone [O3; 43.7% (95% CI: 11.5%, 85.2%)]. For these three pollutants, factor analysis showed that air pollution was more strongly associated with emotional symptoms such as feeling happy and satisfied than with somatic or affective symptoms. Conclusions: Our study suggests that increases in PM10, NO2, and O3 may increase depressive symptoms among the elderly. Of the symptoms evaluated, ambient air pollution was most strongly associated with emotional symptoms.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sana Ullah:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-3988
                sanaullah@ue.edu.pk
                Zhongqiu Li: lizq@nju.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Monit Assess
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ Monit Assess
                Title: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
                Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                ISSN (Print): 0167-6369
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-2959
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 October 2021
                Publication date (Print): 2021
                Volume: 193
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 708
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.41156.37, ISNI 0000 0001 2314 964X, School of Life Sciences, , Nanjing University, ; Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023 People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]GRID grid.440554.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0609 0414, Department of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, , University of Education, ; Lahore, 54000 Pakistan
                [3 ]GRID grid.440522.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0478 6450, Department of Management Sciences, , Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Timergara Campus, ; Timergara, 18300 Pakistan
                [4 ]GRID grid.440554.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0609 0414, Department of Economics and Business Administration, , University of Education, ; Jauharabad Campus, 41200 Jauharabad, Pakistan
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-3988
                Article
                Publisher ID: 9484
                DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09484-2
                PMC ID: 8498981
                PubMed ID: 34623541
                SO-VID: eb9516ef-7231-442c-ac4a-9e80c0d885dc
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 28 March 2021
                Date accepted : 22 September 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: air pollution,physical effects,behavioral effects,psychology,prevention,knowledge,perceptions
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: air pollution, physical effects, behavioral effects, psychology, prevention, knowledge, perceptions

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