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Targeting VIP and PACAP receptor signalling: new therapeutic strategies in multiple sclerosis
review-article
6 October 2011
autoimmunity,
drug-design,
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE),
neuroprotection,
PACAP,
VIP,
AC, adenylate cyclase,
AD, Alzheimer's disease,
ADNF, activity-dependent neurotrophic factor,
ADNP, activity-dependent neuroprotective protein,
APC, antigen-presenting cells,
BM, bone marrow,
Bz-Phe, benzophenone-Phe,
CCR, CC chemokine receptor, ,
CIA, collagen-induced arthritis,
CNS, central nervous system,
DC, dendritic cell,
DMD, disease-modifying drug,
DSS, dextran sodium sulfate,
EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,
FDA, Food and Drug Administration,
GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor,
IFN, interferon,
IL-6, interleukin 6,
JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase,
KO, knockout,
LPS, lipopolysaccharide,
MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase,
MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1,
MIP-2, macrophage inflammatory protein 2,
MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein,
MS, multiple sclerosis,
MSC, mesenchymal stem cell,
NAP, neutrophil-activating protein,
NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate,
PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide,
PKA, protein kinase A,
PKC, protein kinase C,
PLC, phospholipase C,
PMCAO, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion,
PPMS, primary progressive form of MS,
RAMP, receptor-activity-modifying protein,
RANTES, regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted,
SAPK, stress-activated protein kinase,
SCG, superior cervical ganglion,
SPMS, secondary progressive form of MS,
S-SCAM, synaptic scaffolding molecule,
STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription,
TGFβ, transforming growth factor β,
TM, transmembrane,
TNFα, tumour necrosis factor α,
Treg, regulatory T,
VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide,
WT, wild-type
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Abstract
MS (multiple sclerosis) is a chronic autoimmune and neurodegenerative pathology of the CNS (central nervous system) affecting approx. 2.5 million people worldwide. Current and emerging DMDs (disease-modifying drugs) predominantly target the immune system. These therapeutic agents slow progression and reduce severity at early stages of MS, but show little activity on the neurodegenerative component of the disease. As the latter determines permanent disability, there is a critical need to pursue alternative modalities. VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) and PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide) have potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions, and have shown significant activity in animal inflammatory disease models including the EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) MS model. Thus, their receptors have become candidate targets for inflammatory diseases. Here, we will discuss the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective actions of VIP and PACAP and their signalling pathways, and then extensively review the structure–activity relationship data and biophysical interaction studies of these peptides with their cognate receptors.
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Most cited references212
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Author and article information
tgfβ, transforming growth factor β,neuroprotection,ac, adenylate cyclase,bz-phe, benzophenone-phe,mip-2, macrophage inflammatory protein 2,tm, transmembrane,ko, knockout,msc, mesenchymal stem cell,cns, central nervous system,gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptor,plc, phospholipase c,eae, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase,pacap, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide,treg, regulatory t,pacap,nap, neutrophil-activating protein,nmda, n-methyl-d-aspartate,scg, superior cervical ganglion,ifn, interferon,vip, vasoactive intestinal peptide,bm, bone marrow,sapk, stress-activated protein kinase,experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae),autoimmunity,ccr, cc chemokine receptor, ,ms, multiple sclerosis,tnfα, tumour necrosis factor α,fda, food and drug administration,lps, lipopolysaccharide,wt, wild-type,stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription,il-6, interleukin 6,jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase,dc, dendritic cell,dss, dextran sodium sulfate,mcp-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1,ppms, primary progressive form of ms,apc, antigen-presenting cells,spms, secondary progressive form of ms,cia, collagen-induced arthritis,pmcao, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion,dmd, disease-modifying drug,s-scam, synaptic scaffolding molecule,rantes, regulated upon activation, normal t-cell expressed and secreted,adnf, activity-dependent neurotrophic factor,ramp, receptor-activity-modifying protein,adnp, activity-dependent neuroprotective protein,pka, protein kinase a,drug-design,ad, alzheimer's disease,mog, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein,vip,pkc, protein kinase c
tgfβ, transforming growth factor β, neuroprotection, ac, adenylate cyclase, bz-phe, benzophenone-phe, mip-2, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, tm, transmembrane, ko, knockout, msc, mesenchymal stem cell, cns, central nervous system, gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptor, plc, phospholipase c, eae, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase, pacap, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, treg, regulatory t, pacap, nap, neutrophil-activating protein, nmda, n-methyl-d-aspartate, scg, superior cervical ganglion, ifn, interferon, vip, vasoactive intestinal peptide, bm, bone marrow, sapk, stress-activated protein kinase, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), autoimmunity, ccr, cc chemokine receptor, , ms, multiple sclerosis, tnfα, tumour necrosis factor α, fda, food and drug administration, lps, lipopolysaccharide, wt, wild-type, stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription, il-6, interleukin 6, jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase, dc, dendritic cell, dss, dextran sodium sulfate, mcp-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, ppms, primary progressive form of ms, apc, antigen-presenting cells, spms, secondary progressive form of ms, cia, collagen-induced arthritis, pmcao, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, dmd, disease-modifying drug, s-scam, synaptic scaffolding molecule, rantes, regulated upon activation, normal t-cell expressed and secreted, adnf, activity-dependent neurotrophic factor, ramp, receptor-activity-modifying protein, adnp, activity-dependent neuroprotective protein, pka, protein kinase a, drug-design, ad, alzheimer's disease, mog, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, vip, pkc, protein kinase c