The effects of Ai Chi for balance in individuals with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial

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Abstract

This study investigated the effectiveness of Ai Chi compared to conventional water-based exercise on balance performance in individuals with chronic stroke. A total of 20 individuals with chronic stroke were randomly allocated to receive either Ai Chi or conventional water-based exercise for 60 min/time, 3 times/week, and a total of 6 weeks. Balance performance assessed by limit of stability (LOS) test and Berg balance scale (BBS). Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) and gait performance were documented for lower extremity movement control and walking ability, respectively. Excursion and movement velocity in LOS test was significantly increased in anteroposterior axis after receiving Ai Chi (p = 0.005 for excursion, p = 0.013 for velocity) but not conventional water-based exercise. In particular, the improvement of endpoint excursion in the Ai Chi group has significant inter-group difference (p = 0.001). Both groups showed significant improvement in BBS and FMA yet the Ai Chi group demonstrated significantly better results than control group (p = 0.025). Ai Chi is feasible for balance training in stroke, and is able to improve weight shifting in anteroposterior axis, functional balance, and lower extremity control as compared to conventional water-based exercise.

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Most cited references 40

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Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review.

Lisa M. Blum, Nicol Korner-Bitensky (2008)

In a recent study of 655 physical therapists working with a stroke population, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was identified as the most commonly used assessment tool across the continuum of stroke rehabilitation. Given the widespread popularity of the BBS, it is important to critically appraise the BBS for its use with a stroke population. The purposes of this study were to conduct a systematic review of the psychometric properties of the BBS specific to stroke and to identify strengths and weaknesses in its usefulness for stroke rehabilitation. Twenty-one studies examining the psychometric properties of the BBS with a stroke population were retrieved. Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach alpha=.92-.98) as was interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs]=.95-.98), intrarater reliability (ICC=.97), and test-retest reliability (ICC=.98). Sixteen studies focused on validity and generally found excellent correlations with the Barthel Index, the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients, Functional Reach Test, the balance subscale of Fugl-Meyer Assessment, the Functional Independence Measure, the Rivermead Mobility Index (except for weight shift and step-up items), and gait speed. Berg Balance Scale scores predicted length of stay, discharge destination, motor ability at 180 days poststroke, and disability level at 90 days, but these scores were not predictive of falls. Eight studies focused on responsiveness; all reported moderate to excellent sensitivity. Three studies found floor or ceiling effects. The BBS is a psychometrically sound measure of balance impairment for use in poststroke assessment. Given the floor and ceiling effects, clinicians may want to use the BBS in conjunction with other balance measures.

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C. Ghez, J Krakauer, Aline M. Ghilardi (1999)

Psychophysical studies of reaching movements suggest that hand kinematics are learned from errors in extent and direction in an extrinsic coordinate system, whereas dynamics are learned from proprioceptive errors in an intrinsic coordinate system. We examined consolidation and interference to determine if these two forms of learning were independent. Learning and consolidation of two novel transformations, a rotated spatial reference frame and altered intersegmental dynamics, did not interfere with each other and consolidated in parallel. Thus separate kinematic and dynamic models were constructed simultaneously based on errors computed in different coordinate frames, and possibly, in different sensory modalities, using separate working-memory systems. These results suggest that computational approaches to motor learning should include two separate performance errors rather than one.

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Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications.

Bruce Becker (2009)

The aquatic environment has broad rehabilitative potential, extending from the treatment of acute injuries through health maintenance in the face of chronic diseases, yet it remains an underused modality. There is an extensive research base supporting aquatic therapy, both within the basic science literature and clinical literature. This article describes the many physiologic changes that occur during immersion as applied to a range of common rehabilitative issues and problems. Because of its wide margin of therapeutic safety and clinical adaptability, aquatic therapy is a very useful tool in the rehabilitative toolbox. Through a better understanding of the applied physiology, the practitioner may structure appropriate therapeutic programs for a diverse patient population.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ta-Chang Lai: ch6506@chgh.org.tw

Ray-Yau Wang: rywang@ym.edu.tw

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep

Title: Scientific Reports

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322

Publication date (Electronic): 27 January 2020

Publication date PMC-release: 27 January 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 10

Electronic Location Identifier: 1201

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0425 5914, GRID grid.260770.4, Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, , National Yang-Ming University, ; Taipei, Taiwan, ROC

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0572 7890, GRID grid.413846.c, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, , Cheng Hsin General Hospital, ; Taipei, Taiwan, ROC

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0572 7890, GRID grid.413846.c, Department of Neurology, , Cheng Hsin General Hospital, ; Taipei, Taiwan, ROC

Article

Publisher ID: 58098

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58098-0

PMC ID: 6985180

PubMed ID: 31988384

SO-VID: ebee085d-75fc-4970-bd8f-025135b2daa2

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 28 August 2019

Date accepted : 11 December 2019

Funding

Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004663, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan);

Award ID: MOST 106-2314-B-010-040-MY3

Award Recipient : Pei-Hsin Ku Ray-Yau Wang

Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100005937, Cheng Hsin General Hospital Foundation;

Award ID: CY10702

Award Recipient : Pei-Hsin Ku Ray-Yau Wang

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Keywords: randomized controlled trials,stroke

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

Keywords: randomized controlled trials, stroke

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The effects of Ai Chi for balance in individuals with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial

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Stroke MRI

Most cited references 40

Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review.

Independent learning of internal models for kinematic and dynamic control of reaching.

Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications.

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