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      Evaluation of miR-146a expression level in macrophages exposed to Candida glabrata

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          Abstract

          Background and Purpose:

          MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs with 19-24 nucleotides in length. Up- or down-regulation of many miRNAs has been shown by stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system. Up-regulation of miR-146a has been reported by both TLR and heat-killed Candida albicans . In this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of miR-146a in cultured monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected by Candida glabrata at 12, 24, and 48 hours.

          Materials and Methods:

          miR-146a expression was evaluated by qRT-real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at three time points in C. glabrata-infected MDMs. The data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA.

          Results:

          miR-146a expression was down-regulated in infected MDMs compared to the control group (P<0.018). The expression of miR-146a was at its highest level at 48 h, as compared to 12 and 24 h (P<0.018) .The differences between the experimental group compared to the control group were statistically significant (P<0.018).

          Conclusion:

          These results suggest that miR-146a can be involved in regulating macrophage function following TLR stimulation in C . glabrata-infected MDMs.

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          Most cited references9

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          Micromanagers of gene expression: the potentially widespread influence of metazoan microRNAs.

          David Bartel, Chang-Zheng Chen (2004)
          Article 0 comments Cited 411 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Pattern recognition: recent insights from Dectin-1

            Delyth Reid, Neil Gow, Gordon Brown (2009)
            The β-glucan receptor Dectin-1 is an archetypical non-toll-like pattern recognition receptor expressed predominantly by myeloid cells, which can induce its own intracellular signalling and can mediate a variety of cellular responses, such as cytokine production. Recent identification of the components of these signalling pathways, such as Syk kinase, CARD9 and Raf-1, has provided novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Dectin-1 function. Furthermore, a broader appreciation of the cellular responses mediated by this receptor and the effects of interactions with other receptors, including the TLRs, have greatly furthered our understanding of innate immunity and how this drives the development of adaptive immunity, particularly Th17 responses. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of Dectin-1 in anti-fungal immunity, in both mice and humans, and have suggested a possible involvement of this receptor in the control of mycobacterial infections.
            Article 0 comments Cited 97 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Candida bloodstream infections: comparison of species distribution and resistance to echinocandin and azole antifungal agents in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and non-ICU settings in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2008-2009).

              Michael Pfaller, Mariana Castanheira, A Messer … (2011)
              Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program generated by reference methods were analysed to compare the antifungal resistance profiles and species distribution of Candida bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates obtained from patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and those from non-ICU locations. Results from 79 medical centres between 2008 and 2009 were tabulated. MIC values were obtained for anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, fluconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole. Recently revised Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints for resistance were employed. A total of 1752 isolates of Candida spp. were obtained from ICU (779; 44.5%) and non-ICU (973; 55.5%) settings. The frequency of ICU-associated Candida BSI was higher in Latin America (56.5%) compared with Europe (44.4%) and North America (39.6%). The frequency of candidaemia in the ICU decreased both in Latin America and North America over the 2-year study period. Approximately 96% of isolates both in ICU and non-ICU settings were caused by only five species (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei). Resistance both to azoles and echinocandins was uncommon in ICU and non-ICU settings. Overall, fluconazole resistance was detected in 5.0% of ICU isolates and 4.4% of non-ICU isolates. Candida glabrata was the only species in which resistance to azoles and echinocandins was noted, and this multidrug-resistant phenotype was found in both settings. In conclusion, the findings from this global survey indicate that invasive candidiasis can no longer be considered to be just an ICU-related infection, and efforts to design preventive and diagnostic strategies must be expanded to include other at-risk populations and hospital environments. Concern regarding C. glabrata must now include resistance to echinocandins as well as azole antifungal agents. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Med Mycol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Med Mycol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CMM
                Title: Current Medical Mycology
                Publisher: Iranian Society of Medical Mycology (Sari, Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 2423-3439
                ISSN (Electronic): 2423-3420
                Publication date (Print): June 2016
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 16-19
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
                [2 ]Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
                [3 ]Department of Medical Genetics, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
                [4 ]Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Rasoul Mohammadi, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Email: Dr.rasoul_mohammadi@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.2.2.6
                PMC ID: 5490300
                SO-VID: ebf74430-51ea-4f2f-9784-1ff955ebd218
                Copyright © Copyright© 2016, Published by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences on behalf of Iranian Society of Medical Mycology and Invasive Fungi Research Center.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 24 July 2016
                Date revision received : 5 September 2016
                Date accepted : 17 September 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: candida glabrata,macrophage,mir-146a
                Data availability:
                Keywords: candida glabrata, macrophage, mir-146a

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