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      Under pressure: the interaction between high-stakes contexts and individual differences in decision-making in humans and non-human species

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          Abstract

          Observed behavior can be the result of complex cognitive processes that are influenced by environmental factors, physiological process, and situational features. Pressure, a feature of a situation in which an individual’s outcome is impacted by his or her own ability to perform, has been traditionally treated as a human-specific phenomenon and only recently have pressure-related deficits been considered in relation to other species. However, there are strong similarities in biological and cognitive systems among mammals (and beyond), and high-pressure situations are at least theoretically common in the wild. We hypothesize that other species are sensitive to pressure and that we can learn about the evolutionary trajectory of pressure responses by manipulating pressure experimentally in these other species. Recent literature indicates that, as in humans, pressure influences responses in non-human primates, with either deficits in ability to perform (“choking”) or an ability to thrive when the stakes are high. Here, we synthesize the work to date on performance under pressure in humans and how hormones might be related to individual differences in responses. Then, we discuss why we would expect to see similar effects of pressure in non-humans and highlight the existing evidence for how other species respond. We argue that evidence suggests that other species respond to high-pressure contexts in similar ways as humans, and that responses to pressure are a critical missing piece of our understanding of cognition in human and non-human animals. Understanding pressure’s effects could provide insight into individual variation in decision-making in comparative cognition and the evolution of human decision-making.

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          The weirdest people in the world?

          Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers - often implicitly - assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these "standard subjects" are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species - frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior - hence, there are no obvious a priori grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of human nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges.
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            Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis.

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              The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                meg.sosnowski@gmail.com
                Journal
                Anim Cogn
                Anim Cogn
                Animal Cognition
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1435-9448
                1435-9456
                29 March 2023
                29 March 2023
                2023
                : 26
                : 4
                : 1103-1117
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.256304.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7400, Department of Psychology, , Georgia State University, ; P.O. Box 5010, Atlanta, GA 30302-5010 USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.256304.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7400, Language Research Center, , Georgia State University, ; Atlanta, GA USA
                [3 ]GRID grid.256304.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7400, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, , Georgia State University, ; Atlanta, GA USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.256304.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7400, Neuroscience Institute, , Georgia State University, ; Atlanta, GA USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6690-5086
                Article
                1768
                10.1007/s10071-023-01768-z
                10345073
                36988737
                ec0d83b3-337b-4b03-bf7e-4c975f93fab0
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 10 July 2022
                : 27 February 2023
                : 21 March 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008545, Georgia State University;
                Award ID: Brains
                Award ID: Behavior Doctoral Fellowship
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006324, American Psychological Association;
                Award ID: Dissertation Award
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001, National Science Foundation;
                Award ID: SES 1919305
                Award ID: IBSS 2135621
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011730, Templeton World Charity Foundation;
                Award ID: TWCF0471
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023

                Animal science & Zoology
                pressure,“choking”,non-human species,stress response,hormones
                Animal science & Zoology
                pressure, “choking”, non-human species, stress response, hormones

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