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      Re-Sounding Alarms: Designing Ergonomic Auditory Interfaces by Embracing Musical Insights

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          Abstract

          Auditory alarms are an important component of human–computer interfaces, used in mission-critical industries such as aviation, nuclear power plants, and hospital settings. Unfortunately, problems with recognition, detection, and annoyance continue to hamper their effectiveness. Historically, they appear designed more in response to engineering constraints than principles of hearing science. Here we argue that auditory perception in general and music perception in particular hold valuable lessons for alarm designers. We also discuss ongoing research suggesting that the temporal complexity of musical tones offers promising insight into new ways of addressing widely recognized shortcomings of current alarms.

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          Most cited references76

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          Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music performance: different channels, same code?

          Many authors have speculated about a close relationship between vocal expression of emotions and musical expression of emotions. but evidence bearing on this relationship has unfortunately been lacking. This review of 104 studies of vocal expression and 41 studies of music performance reveals similarities between the 2 channels concerning (a) the accuracy with which discrete emotions were communicated to listeners and (b) the emotion-specific patterns of acoustic cues used to communicate each emotion. The patterns are generally consistent with K. R. Scherer's (1986) theoretical predictions. The results can explain why music is perceived as expressive of emotion, and they are consistent with an evolutionary perspective on vocal expression of emotions. Discussion focuses on theoretical accounts and directions for future research.
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            Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health

            Noise is pervasive in everyday life and can cause both auditory and non-auditory health effects. Noise-induced hearing loss remains highly prevalent in occupational settings, and is increasingly caused by social noise exposure (eg, through personal music players). Our understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in noise-induced hair-cell and nerve damage has substantially increased, and preventive and therapeutic drugs will probably become available within 10 years. Evidence of the non-auditory effects of environmental noise exposure on public health is growing. Observational and experimental studies have shown that noise exposure leads to annoyance, disturbs sleep and causes daytime sleepiness, affects patient outcomes and staff performance in hospitals, increases the occurrence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and impairs cognitive performance in schoolchildren. In this Review, we stress the importance of adequate noise prevention and mitigation strategies for public health. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Alarm fatigue: a patient safety concern.

              Research has demonstrated that 72% to 99% of clinical alarms are false. The high number of false alarms has led to alarm fatigue. Alarm fatigue is sensory overload when clinicians are exposed to an excessive number of alarms, which can result in desensitization to alarms and missed alarms. Patient deaths have been attributed to alarm fatigue. Patient safety and regulatory agencies have focused on the issue of alarm fatigue, and it is a 2014 Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goal. Quality improvement projects have demonstrated that strategies such as daily electrocardiogram electrode changes, proper skin preparation, education, and customization of alarm parameters have been able to decrease the number of false alarms. These and other strategies need to be tested in rigorous clinical trials to determine whether they reduce alarm burden without compromising patient safety.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Healthcare (Basel)
                Healthcare (Basel)
                healthcare
                Healthcare
                MDPI
                2227-9032
                08 October 2020
                December 2020
                : 8
                : 4
                : 389
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; andersoc@ 123456mcmaster.ca (C.J.A.); schutz@ 123456mcmaster.ca (M.S.)
                [2 ]School of the Arts, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: foleyt@ 123456mcmaster.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-4933
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6882-5928
                Article
                healthcare-08-00389
                10.3390/healthcare8040389
                7711797
                33049954
                ec127e41-6c1a-443f-b8da-17912a3ce4d3
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 31 August 2020
                : 01 October 2020
                Categories
                Review

                medical alarms,auditory alarms,music cognition,music perception,ergonomics,human-factors,sound design

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