Kenya’s “Fake Essay” Writers and the Light they Shine on Assumptions of Shadows in Knowledge Production

ABSTRACT

In this contribution to the special issue on Fakery in Africa, I examine the booming “fake essay” industry and draw on the role and perspectives increasingly occupied by of tens of thousands of young and highly-educated Kenyans. These so-called “Shadow Scholars” are part of a vast global online marketplace, an invisible knowledge production economy, where students and academics in the global North solicit and pay for their services in exchange for confidential and plagiarism-free essays, theses, dissertations, qualifications and publications. This article centres on descriptions of these writers as “shadows” as a means of complicating not only the most popular description of Africa in the global imagination – as existing in the shadow of an infinite number of different entities – but to challenge the notion of the shadow in relation to African knowledge production as being fake. It pays attention to the Kenyan writers’ protestations that their knowledge, experiences and labour are all real and that analogies with shadows reduce them and the impact of their work to something that is non-existent and not alive. From their perspective the term shadow is pejorative because it further reduces the intellectual contribution of Africans, presenting them as derivative.

ABSTRACT IN SWAHILI

Katika mchango huu kwa suala maalum kuhusu Udanganyifu barani Afrika, mimi huchunguza tasnia ya “insha bandia” na haswa jukumu na msimamo wa makumi ya maelfu ya vijana wakenya na wenye elimu ya kiwango cha juu. Hawa wanaoitwa “Vivuli vya Wasomi” ni sehemu ya soko kubwa la mkondoni ulimwenguni, uchumi wa maarifa usiojulikana, ambapo wanafunzi na wasomi katika kaskazini mwa Ulimwengu wanaomba na kulipia huduma zao kwa malipo ya insha za wizi na usiri, tasnifu, ujuzi wa kitaaluma na machapisho. Utafiti huu unaangazia ufafanuzi wa waandishi hawa kama “Vivuli” kama njia ya kutatanisha sio tu maelezo maarufu zaidi ya Afrika pia katika fikra za ulimwengu, kama ilivyo katika kivuli cha idadi isiyo na mwisho ya vyombo tofauti, lakini kupinga wazo la kivuli kuhusiana na uzao wa maarifa ya Kiafrika kama bandia. Inatilia maanani maandamano ya waandishi wa Kenya kwamba maarifa, uzoefu na kazi zao zote ni za kweli na kwamba mlinganisho na vivuli hupunguza na athari ya kazi yao kwa kitu ambacho hakipo na sio hai. Kulingana na maoni yao, neno kivuli ni la kudharaulisha kwa sababu linapunguza zaidi mchango wa kiakili wa Waafrika, kuwaonyesha kama waigaji.