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      Screen-printed Electrochemical Immunosensors for the Detection of Cancer and Cardiovascular Biomarkers

      1 , 1
      Electroanalysis
      Wiley

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          Immobilization strategies to develop enzymatic biosensors.

          Immobilization of enzymes on the transducer surface is a necessary and critical step in the design of biosensors. An overview of the different immobilization techniques reported in the literature is given, dealing with classical adsorption, covalent bonds, entrapment, cross-linking or affinity as well as combination of them and focusing on new original methods as well as the recent introduction of promising nanomaterials such as conducting polymer nanowires, carbon nanotubes or nanoparticles. As indicated in this review, various immobilization methods have been used to develop optical, electrochemical or gravimetric enzymatic biosensors. The choice of the immobilization method is shown to represent an important parameter that affects biosensor performances, mainly in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and stability, by influencing enzyme orientation, loading, mobility, stability, structure and biological activity. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Wearable Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review

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              Electrochemical immunosensors for detection of cancer protein biomarkers.

              Bioanalytical methods have experienced unprecedented growth in recent years, driven in large part by the need for faster, more sensitive, more portable ("point of care") systems to detect protein biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. Electrochemical detection strategies, used in conjunction with immunosensors, offer advantages because they are fast, simple, and low cost. Recent developments in electrochemical immunosensors have significantly improved the sensitivity needed to detect low concentrations of biomarkers present in early stages of cancer. Moreover, the coupling of electrochemical devices with nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, magnetic particles, and quantum dots, offers multiplexing capability for simultaneous measurements of multiple cancer biomarkers. This review will discuss recent advances in the development of electrochemical immunosensors for the next generation of cancer diagnostics, with an emphasis on opportunities for further improvement in cancer diagnostics and treatment monitoring. Details will be given for strategies to increase sensitivity through multilabel amplification, coupled with high densities of capture molecules on sensor surfaces. Such sensors are capable of detecting a wide range of protein quantities, from nanogram to femtogram (depending on the protein biomarkers of interest), in a single sample.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Electroanalysis
                Electroanalysis
                Wiley
                10400397
                August 2016
                August 2016
                May 27 2016
                : 28
                : 8
                : 1700-1715
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química; Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo Spain
                Article
                10.1002/elan.201600126
                ec4615e1-046b-4b67-98b7-de0f4a0c5c43
                © 2016

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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