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      Aceite de oliva y peso corporal. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ensayos controlados aleatorizados Translated title: Olive Oil and Body Weight. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Fundamentos: El aceite de oliva, grasa fundamental de la dieta mediterránea, ha contribuido a un descenso de la obesidad en diversos estudios epidemiológicos. Se desconoce si por sí mismo puede disminuir el peso con independencia de la dieta utilizada. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la eficacia del aceite de oliva en la reducción ponderal. Métodos: Revisión sistemática con metaanálisis de ensayos controlados aleatorizados (ECA) de al menos 12 semanas de intervención sobre adultos sin eventos cardiovasculares previos, para estimar el efecto de una dieta enriquecida con aceite de oliva sobre el peso, cintura e índice de masa corporal. La búsqueda se realizó en PubMed, Embase, Cochrane plus, Web of Science, Ovid, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Tesis Doctorales en Red (TDR), hasta diciembre de 2016. No se restringió idioma, sexo ni patología de base. Utilizamos Stata14 SE para la síntesis de datos. Resultados: Se identificaron 490 estudios, de ellos sólo 11 estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Una dieta enriquecida con aceite de oliva redujo más el peso que una dieta control -0,92 kg, IC 95% (-1,16,-0,67), p heterogeneidad =0,1; disminuyó la cintura en -0,60 cm, IC 95% ( -1,17,-0,04), p heterogeneidad = 0,6; y descendió el IMC en -0,90, IC 95% (-0,91, -0,88), p heterogeneidad < 0,001. El efecto favorable fue cuando el aceite se suplementó de forma líquida y no con cápsulas. Conclusiones: Una dieta enriquecida con aceite de oliva puede ser una importante estrategia de control ponderal en personas sin eventos cardiovasculares previos.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Background: Olive oil, as fundamental fat in the Mediterranean diet, has contributed to a decrease in obesity in several epidemiological studies. It is unknown whether olive oil itself can decrease the weight independently of the diet used. The objective of this work was to determine the efficacy of olive oil in reducing weight. Methods: Systematic review of meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 12 weeks of intervention on adults without previous cardiovascular events to estimate the effect of an olive-enriched diet on weight, waist and body mass index. The search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane plus, Web of Science, Ovid, Scopus, Virtual Health Library (BVS), Theses and Dissertations Online (TDX) until December 2016. No language, gender or underlying pathology was restricted. We used Stata14 SE for data synthesis. Results: 490 studies were identified, of which only 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. A diet enriched in olive oil reduced weight more than control diet: -0.92 kg, 95% CI (-1.16, -0.67), p heterogeneity = 0.1; decreased waist circumference in -0.60 cm, 95% CI (-1.17, -0.04), p heterogeneity = 0.6; and diminished BMI in -0.90, 95% CI (-0.91, -0.88), p heterogeneity < 0.001. The benefits were seen when olive oil was supplemented in its natural state and not when capsules were given. Conclusions: A diet enriched with olive oil can be an important weight control strategy in people without previous cardiovascular events.

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            Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet.

            Observational cohort studies and a secondary prevention trial have shown an inverse association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular risk. We conducted a randomized trial of this diet pattern for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events. In a multicenter trial in Spain, we randomly assigned participants who were at high cardiovascular risk, but with no cardiovascular disease at enrollment, to one of three diets: a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with mixed nuts, or a control diet (advice to reduce dietary fat). Participants received quarterly individual and group educational sessions and, depending on group assignment, free provision of extra-virgin olive oil, mixed nuts, or small nonfood gifts. The primary end point was the rate of major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes). On the basis of the results of an interim analysis, the trial was stopped after a median follow-up of 4.8 years. A total of 7447 persons were enrolled (age range, 55 to 80 years); 57% were women. The two Mediterranean-diet groups had good adherence to the intervention, according to self-reported intake and biomarker analyses. A primary end-point event occurred in 288 participants. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54 to 0.92) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.96) for the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with extra-virgin olive oil (96 events) and the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with nuts (83 events), respectively, versus the control group (109 events). No diet-related adverse effects were reported. Among persons at high cardiovascular risk, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events. (Funded by the Spanish government's Instituto de Salud Carlos III and others; Controlled-Trials.com number, ISRCTN35739639.).
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              Definition of the Mediterranean Diet: A Literature Review

              Numerous studies over several decades suggest that following the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and improve cognitive health. However, there are inconsistencies among methods used for evaluating and defining the MedDiet. Through a review of the literature, we aimed to quantitatively define the MedDiet by food groups and nutrients. Databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Academic Search Premier and the University of South Australia Library Catalogue were searched. Articles were included if they defined the MedDiet in at least two of the following ways: (1) general descriptive definitions; (2) diet pyramids/numbers of servings of key foods; (3) grams of key foods/food groups; and (4) nutrient and flavonoid content. Quantity of key foods and nutrient content was recorded and the mean was calculated. The MedDiet contained three to nine serves of vegetables, half to two serves of fruit, one to 13 serves of cereals and up to eight serves of olive oil daily. It contained approximately 9300 kJ, 37% as total fat, 18% as monounsaturated and 9% as saturated, and 33 g of fibre per day. Our results provide a defined nutrient content and range of servings for the MedDiet based on past and current literature. More detailed reporting amongst studies could refine the definition further.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Rev. Esp. Salud Publica
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                2018
                : 92
                : e201811083
                Affiliations
                [1] Jaén orgnameHospital Materno-Infantil del Complejo Hospitalario de Jaén orgdiv1Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría España
                [3] Madrid orgnameMinisterios de Sanidad y Economía orgdiv1Instituto de Salud Carlos III orgdiv2CIBERESP España
                [2] Jaén Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Jaén orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud Spain
                Article
                S1135-57272018000100508 S1135-5727(18)09200000508
                ec7972aa-1eda-4961-9396-61cb4644d85d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 September 2017
                : 30 October 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 62, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Public Health


                Obesity,Índice de masa corporal,Olive oil,Body mass index,Aceite de oliva,Sobrepeso,Peso corporal,Overweight,Body weight,Obesidad

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