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      Gender disparities in scientific production: A nationwide assessment among physicians in Peru

      research-article
      Author(s): 1 , * , 1 , 2 , 3
      Editor(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To determine the presence of a gender gap in the scientific production among Peruvian physicians and analyze either gap is associated with the presence of observable factors or the presence of prejudices against female physicians.

          Methods

          We analyzed data from the National Survey of User Satisfaction in Health 2016, a nationally representative survey that collected information about medical professionals working in health institutions in Peru. The outcome of interest was the number of publications in indexed journals. We estimated the gender gap in scientific production using the Oaxaca-Blinder (OB) decomposition method.

          Results

          From the 2216 physicians surveyed, 252 reported published at least one article in an indexed journal. From physicians with scientific production, 37.7% were women. The analysis of OB decomposition showed a gap of 2.11 indexed publications, disfavoring female physicians (p<0.01). Likewise, the explained component was 1.36 publications, representing 64.5% of the total gap (p<0.05).

          Conclusions

          There is a gender gap in the number of publications in indexed journals among Peruvian physicians. This gap is mainly explained by observable factors, such as the years of medical practice, being an accredited researcher and being a professor.

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          Most cited references28

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          Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates

          Alan S. Blinder (1974)
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            The "gender gap" in authorship of academic medical literature--a 35-year perspective.

            Reshma Jagsi, Elizabeth A Guancial, Cynthia Worobey … (2006)
            Participation of women in the medical profession has increased during the past four decades, but issues of concern persist regarding disparities between the sexes in academic medicine. Advancement is largely driven by peer-reviewed original research, so we sought to determine the representation of female physician-investigators among the authors of selected publications during the past 35 years. Original articles from six prominent medical journals--the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the Annals of Internal Medicine (Ann Intern Med), the Annals of Surgery (Ann Surg), Obstetrics & Gynecology (Obstet Gynecol), and the Journal of Pediatrics (J Pediatr)--were categorized according to the sex of both the first and the senior (last listed) author. Sex was also determined for the authors of guest editorials in NEJM and JAMA. Data were collected for the years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2004. The analysis was restricted to authors from U.S. institutions holding M.D. degrees. The sex was determined for 98.5 percent of the 7249 U.S. authors of original research with M.D. degrees. The proportion of first authors who were women increased from 5.9 percent in 1970 to 29.3 percent in 2004 (P<0.001), and the proportion of senior authors who were women increased from 3.7 percent to 19.3 percent (P<0.001) during the same period. The proportion of authors who were women increased most sharply in Obstet Gynecol (from 6.7 percent of first authors and 6.8 percent of senior authors in 1970 to 40.7 percent of first authors and 28.0 percent of senior authors in 2004) and J Pediatr (from 15.0 percent of first authors and 4.3 percent of senior authors in 1970 to 38.9 percent of first authors and 38.0 percent of senior authors in 2004) and remained low in Ann Surg (from 2.3 percent of first authors and 0.7 percent of senior authors in 1970 to 16.7 percent of first authors and 6.7 percent of senior authors in 2004). In 2004, 11.4 percent of the authors of guest editorials in NEJM and 18.8 percent of the authors of guest editorials in JAMA were women. Over the past four decades, the proportion of women among both first and senior physician-authors of original research in the United States has significantly increased. Nevertheless, women still compose a minority of the authors of original research and guest editorials in the journals studied. Copyright 2006 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              Double-blind review favours increased representation of female authors.

              Tom Tregenza, Lonnie Aarssen, Amber Budden … (2007)
              Double-blind peer review, in which neither author nor reviewer identity are revealed, is rarely practised in ecology or evolution journals. However, in 2001, double-blind review was introduced by the journal Behavioral Ecology. Following this policy change, there was a significant increase in female first-authored papers, a pattern not observed in a very similar journal that provides reviewers with author information. No negative effects could be identified, suggesting that double-blind review should be considered by other journals.
              Article 0 comments Cited 157 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Elard Amaya:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4899-0616
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Benoît Mougenot:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5956-7659
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Percy Herrera-Añazco: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Andrew Carl Miller: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 November 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0224629
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Lima, Perú
                [2 ] Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales, Lima, Perú
                [3 ] Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Perú
                East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4899-0616
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5956-7659
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-19-14288
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224629
                PMC ID: 6830753
                PubMed ID: 31689313
                SO-VID: ec7be9c2-2844-43ee-9eef-679f76149365
                Copyright © © 2019 Amaya et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 20 May 2019
                Date accepted : 17 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Pages: 10
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Professions
                Subject: Medical Personnel
                Subject: Medical Doctors
                Subject: Physicians
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Health Care
                Subject: Health Care Providers
                Subject: Medical Doctors
                Subject: Physicians
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Professions
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Age Groups
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Sexual and Gender Issues
                Subject: Gender Discrimination
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Social Discrimination
                Subject: Gender Discrimination
                Subject: People and places
                Subject: Geographical locations
                Subject: South America
                Subject: Peru
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Scientific Publishing
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Database and Informatics Methods
                Subject: Health Informatics
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability The data underlying the results presented in the study are available on OSF HOME (a free open platform to upload research projects and supporting information), the link to download the database is: https://osf.io/t3vkr.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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