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      How traits shape trees: new approaches for detecting character state-dependent lineage diversification.

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          Abstract

          Biologists have long sought to understand the processes underlying disparities in clade size across the tree of life and the extent to which such clade size differences can be attributed to the evolution of particular traits. The association of certain character states with species-rich clades suggests that trait evolution can lead to increased diversification, but such a pattern could also arise due other processes, such as directional trait evolution. Recent advances in phylogenetic comparative methods have provided new statistical approaches for distinguishing between these intertwined and potentially confounded macroevolutionary processes. Here, we review the historical development of methods for detecting state-dependent diversification and explore what new methods have revealed about classic examples of traits that affect diversification, including evolutionary dead ends, key innovations and geographic traits. Applications of these methods thus far collectively suggest that trait diversity commonly arises through the complex interplay between transition, speciation and extinction rates and that long hypothesized evolutionary dead ends and key innovations are instead often cases of directional trends in trait evolution.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          J. Evol. Biol.
          Journal of evolutionary biology
          1420-9101
          1010-061X
          Oct 2014
          : 27
          : 10
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
          Article
          10.1111/jeb.12460
          25066512
          ec988de6-1700-49b9-ab3b-a31099c68925
          © 2014 European Society For Evolutionary Biology. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2014 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.
          History

          BiSSE,anagenetic change,ancestral state reconstruction,character evolution,cladogenetic change,directional trend,diversification,evolutionary dead end,geographic range size,key innovation

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