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      Effects of ocean climate on life cycles and distribution of small pelagic fishes in the California Current System off Baja California Translated title: Efectos del clima oceánico sobre el ciclo de vida y la distribución de peces pelágicos menores en el Sistema de la Corriente de California, frente a Baja California

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Due to their sensitivity to climate forcing that may alter their abundance and distribution, small pelagic fish are important ecological indicators of the state of the California Current System. They are schooling, planktivorous fish that provide forage for higher trophic levels. We describe the life cycle histories and patterns of distribution of sardine, anchovy, and mackerel species occupying the waters along the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula (Mexico). The links between the physical and biological forcing and the structure and condition of their habitats, their patterns of movement, productivity, and stock structure (where information is available) are described in relation to the fisheries. We have used the catches as a proxy for the history of the different stocks, while recognizing that fisheries-derived information is biased by the operational scale and only covers areas where fish are available. We have relied mainly on studies of sardines to evaluate the validity of the principal paradigms in fisheries oceanography. We describe how the environment can structure a population by relating an example given by the spatiotemporal variability of the northern and southern stocks of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) and Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus) from 2000 to 2014. During this period, the northern stocks showed a marked tendency to contract southwards, as far south as Magdalena Bay, in response to the regional cooling that began in the previous decade. It appears that the combined effects of fishing and climate change may sufficiently alter habitat characteristics so that both the distribution and productivity of a population are shifted.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: Los peces pelágicos menores son importantes indicadores ecológicos del estado del Sistema de la Corriente de California, ya que su abundancia y distribución se ven alteradas directamente en respuesta a los forzamientos climáticos. Estas especies forman cardúmenes, consumen plancton y son forraje para niveles tróficos superiores. En este trabajo se describen las historias de vida y los patrones de distribución de la sardina, anchoveta y dos especies de macarela que ocupan aguas del océano Pacífico frente a la península de Baja California (México). Desde el punto de vista de las pesquerías (cuando la información está disponible), se abordan temas relacionados con los forzamientos biofísicos que mantienen y estructuran la condición del hábitat de las especies, sus patrones de movimiento, su productividad y la estructura poblacional relativo a las subpoblaciones. A pesar de que la información basada en las pesquerías puede estar sesgada por la escala de operación y las áreas de disponibilidad de los peces, en este trabajo las capturas se utilizan como indicadores de la historia de vida de las diferentes subpoblaciones. Para evaluar la validez de varios paradigmas existentes en oceanografía pesquera, se utilizaron principalmente estudios basados en sardina. Por último, con el objetivo de describir cómo el ambiente puede establecer la estructura poblacional de los peces pelágicos, se discute la variabilidad espaciotemporal de las dos subpoblaciones, norteña y sureña, de sardina (Sardinops sagax) y macarela (Scomber japonicus) de 2000 a 2014. En respuesta al enfriamiento regional mantenido desde el inicio de este periodo, las subpoblaciones norteñas muestran una tendencia a contraerse hacia el sur del sistema, hasta aguas frente a bahía Magdalena. Estos cambios en distribución y productividad de una población parecen ser resultado de los efectos combinados de la pesca y el cambio en el clima del océano que podrían alterar las características del hábitat.

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          North Pacific Gyre Oscillation links ocean climate and ecosystem change

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            Why fishing magnifies fluctuations in fish abundance.

            It is now clear that fished populations can fluctuate more than unharvested stocks. However, it is not clear why. Here we distinguish among three major competing mechanisms for this phenomenon, by using the 50-year California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) larval fish record. First, variable fishing pressure directly increases variability in exploited populations. Second, commercial fishing can decrease the average body size and age of a stock, causing the truncated population to track environmental fluctuations directly. Third, age-truncated or juvenescent populations have increasingly unstable population dynamics because of changing demographic parameters such as intrinsic growth rates. We find no evidence for the first hypothesis, limited evidence for the second and strong evidence for the third. Therefore, in California Current fisheries, increased temporal variability in the population does not arise from variable exploitation, nor does it reflect direct environmental tracking. More fundamentally, it arises from increased instability in dynamics. This finding has implications for resource management as an empirical example of how selective harvesting can alter the basic dynamics of exploited populations, and lead to unstable booms and busts that can precede systematic declines in stock levels.
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              Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species.

              The separation of the effects of environmental variability from the impacts of fishing has been elusive, but is essential for sound fisheries management. We distinguish environmental effects from fishing effects by comparing the temporal variability of exploited versus unexploited fish stocks living in the same environments. Using the unique suite of 50-year-long larval fish surveys from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations we analyse fishing as a treatment effect in a long-term ecological experiment. Here we present evidence from the marine environment that exploited species exhibit higher temporal variability in abundance than unexploited species. This remains true after accounting for life-history effects, abundance, ecological traits and phylogeny. The increased variability of exploited populations is probably caused by fishery-induced truncation of the age structure, which reduces the capacity of populations to buffer environmental events. Therefore, to avoid collapse, fisheries must be managed not only to sustain the total viable biomass but also to prevent the significant truncation of age structure. The double jeopardy of fishing to potentially deplete stock sizes and, more immediately, to amplify the peaks and valleys of population variability, calls for a precautionary management approach.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: TR
                Journal
                ciemar
                Ciencias marinas
                Cienc. mar
                Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas
                0185-3880
                2015
                : 41
                : 4
                : 315-348
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Mexico
                [2 ] Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada Mexico
                Article
                S0185-38802015000400315
                10.7773/cm.v41i4.2571
                eca0b9bc-d9b1-4c69-8b83-6619fc30dd3c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Categories
                Marine & Freshwater Biology

                Ecology
                peces pelágicos menores,subpoblaciones,forzamientos,Baja California,hábitat,small pelagic fishes,stocks,physical forcing,habitat

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