Classification of Single Normal and Alzheimer's Disease Individuals from Cortical Sources of Resting State EEG Rhythms

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Abstract

Previous studies have shown abnormal power and functional connectivity of resting state electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms in groups of Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to healthy elderly (Nold) subjects. Here we tested the best classification rate of 120 AD patients and 100 matched Nold subjects using EEG markers based on cortical sources of power and functional connectivity of these rhythms. EEG data were recorded during resting state eyes-closed condition. Exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) estimated the power and functional connectivity of cortical sources in frontal, central, parietal, occipital, temporal, and limbic regions. Delta (2–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha 1 (8–10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5–13 Hz), beta 1 (13–20 Hz), beta 2 (20–30 Hz), and gamma (30–40 Hz) were the frequency bands of interest. The classification rates of interest were those with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) higher than 0.7 as a threshold for a moderate classification rate (i.e., 70%). Results showed that the following EEG markers overcame this threshold: (i) central, parietal, occipital, temporal, and limbic delta/alpha 1 current density; (ii) central, parietal, occipital temporal, and limbic delta/alpha 2 current density; (iii) frontal theta/alpha 1 current density; (iv) occipital delta/alpha 1 inter-hemispherical connectivity; (v) occipital-temporal theta/alpha 1 right and left intra-hemispherical connectivity; and (vi) parietal-limbic alpha 1 right intra-hemispherical connectivity. Occipital delta/alpha 1 current density showed the best classification rate (sensitivity of 73.3%, specificity of 78%, accuracy of 75.5%, and AUROC of 82%). These results suggest that EEG source markers can classify Nold and AD individuals with a moderate classification rate higher than 80%.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Claudio Babiloni: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/18148/overview

Antonio I. Triggiani: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/211499/overview

Roberta Lizio: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/282522/overview

Vitoantonio Bevilacqua: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/316075/overview

Andrea Soricelli: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/289686/overview

Raffaele Ferri: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/23385/overview

Loreto Gesualdo: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/137155/overview

José C. Millán-Calenti: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/305520/overview

Ana Buján: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/305641/overview

Gaetano Scianatico: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/301618/overview

Giancarlo Logroscino: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/177757/overview

Claudio del Percio: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/318556/overview

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Neurosci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Neurosci

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Neurosci.

Title: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Print): 1662-4548

ISSN (Electronic): 1662-453X

Publication date (Electronic): 23 February 2016

Publication date Collection: 2016

Volume: 10

Electronic Location Identifier: 47

Affiliations

[1] ¹Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University of Rome “La Sapienza” Rome, Italy

[2] ²Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana Rome, Italy

[3] ³Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy

[4] ⁴Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari Bari, Italy

[5] ⁵Department of Integrated Imaging, IRCCS SDN - Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare Napoli, Italy

[6] ⁶Department of Motor Sciences and Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope Naples, Italy

[7] ⁷Department of Neurology, IRCCS Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging Troina, Italy

[8] ⁸Service of Clinical Neurophysiology (DiNOGMI; DipTeC), IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Genoa, Italy

[9] ⁹Dipartimento Emergenza e Trapianti d'Organi, University of Bari Bari, Italy

[10] ¹⁰Gerontology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña A Coruña, Spain

[11] ¹¹Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico Lecce, Italy

[12] ¹²Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari, Italy

[13] ¹³Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico Lecce, Italy

[14] ¹⁴Department of Imaging - Division of Radiology, Hospital “Di Venere” Bari, Italy

[15] ¹⁵Division of Neuroradiology, “F. Ferrari” Hospital Lecce, Italy

[16] ¹⁶Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari, Italy

[17] ¹⁷Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS Centro “S. Giovanni di Dio-F.B.F.” Brescia, Italy

[18] ¹⁸Memory Clinic and LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland

Author notes

Edited by: Fernando Maestú, Complutense University, Spain

Reviewed by: José A. Pineda-Pardo, Center for Biomedical Technology, Spain; Emmanuel Chigozie Ifeachor, Plymouth University, UK

*Correspondence: Claudio Babiloni claudio.babiloni@ 123456uniroma1.it

This article was submitted to Neurodegeneration, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article

DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00047

PMC ID: 4763025

PubMed ID: 26941594

SO-VID: ed10088e-6160-44dd-86db-0b9d831417a0

Copyright © Copyright © 2016 Babiloni, Triggiani, Lizio, Cordone, Tattoli, Bevilacqua, Soricelli, Ferri, Nobili, Gesualdo, Millán-Calenti, Buján, Tortelli, Cardinali, Barulli, Giannini, Spagnolo, Armenise, Buenza, Scianatico, Logroscino, Frisoni and del Percio.

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 29 August 2015

Date accepted : 02 February 2016

Page count

Figures: 7, Tables: 8, Equations: 0, References: 81, Pages: 18, Words: 12420

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