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      Prevalencia de legionella en instalaciones de suministro de agua en España: revisión sistemática y meta-análisis Translated title: Prevalence of legionella species in water supply facilities of Spain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Antecedentes. Las especies de Legionella tienen su hábitat natural o reservorio primario en las aguas dulces superficiales de lagos, ríos, estanques y aguas termales, desde donde a través de los sistemas de suministro colonizan el agua de consumo. El presente estudio pretende investigar la prevalencia de Legionella en instalaciones de agua de consumo de España. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática mediante la búsqueda en bases de datos electrónicas de información científica de estudios observacionales sobre contaminación de agua de consumo por Legionella, con resultados de análisis de muestras de agua obtenidos entre enero de 2001 y abril de 2021. Se efectuó meta-análisis mediante el software MetaXL© en la hoja de cálculo Microsoft Excel. Resultados. Se seleccionaron un total de 21 estudios. La prevalencia de Legionella en España fue de 21,8 % (IC 95 %: 15,0-29,6). La especie más comúnmente aislada fue L. pneumophila serogrupos 2-15 (44,4 %, IC 95 %: 29,5-59,8). Los valores más altos se hallaron en puntos terminales de las redes de agua caliente sanitaria (31,7 %, IC 95 %: 21,6-42,9), y en las comunidades autónomas de Aragón (24,7 %, IC 95 %: 8,8-44,9) y Cataluña (21,3 %, IC 95%: 4,4-44,8). Conclusiones. La prevalencia global de Legionella obtenida puede compararse con los estudios de otros autores, siendo en líneas generales cercana a la obtenida a nivel mundial, con variaciones en relación a otros países. Las instalaciones con mayor prevalencia han resultado ser las de mayor riesgo de proliferación y dispersión de la bacteria según la normativa vigente, y aquellas situadas en la mitad oriental de España.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY Background. Legionella species have their natural habitat or primary reservoir in the fresh surface waters of lakes, rivers, ponds and hot springs, from where they colonize drinking water through supply systems. The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of Legionella in drinking water facilities in Spain. Methods. A systematic review was performed by searching in electronic databases of scientific information for observational studies on contamination of drinking water by Legionella, with results of analysis of water samples obtained between January 2001 and April 2021. Meta-analysis was carried out using the MetaXL© software in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Results. A total of 21 studies were selected. The prevalence of Legionella in Spain was 21.8 % (95 % CI: 15.0-29.6). The most commonly isolated species were L. pneumophila serogroups 2-15 (44.4 %, 95 % CI: 29.5-59.8). The highest values were found at terminal points of the sanitary hot water networks (31.7 %, 95 % CI: 21.6-42.9), and in the autonomous regions of Aragon (24.7 %, 95 % CI: 8.8-44.9) and Catalonia (21.3 %, 95 % CI: 4.4-44.8). Conclusions. The overall prevalence of Legionella obtained can be compared to studies performed by other authors, being in general terms close to that obtained worldwide, with variations in relation to other countries. The facilities with the highest prevalence have turned out to be those with the highest risk of proliferation and dispersal of the bacteria according to current regulations, and those located in the eastern half of Spain.

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          The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

          The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies. The structure and presentation of the items have been modified to facilitate implementation. In this article, we present the PRISMA 2020 27-item checklist, an expanded checklist that details reporting recommendations for each item, the PRISMA 2020 abstract checklist, and the revised flow diagrams for original and updated reviews.
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            Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions

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              Microbiological evaluation of dental unit water systems in general dental practice in Europe.

              A range of opportunistic pathogens have been associated with dental unit water systems (DUWS), particularly in the biofilms that can line the tubing. This study therefore aimed to assess the microbiology of DUWS and biofilms in general dental practices across seven European countries, including the United Kingdom (UK), Ireland (IRL), Greece (GR), Spain (ES), Germany (D), Denmark (DK) and the Netherlands (NL). Water supplied by 51% of 237 dental unit water lines exceeded current American Dental Association recommendations of < or = 200 colony-forming units (CFU) ml(-1). Microbiological loading of the source waters was between 0 (Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain) and 4.67 (IRL) log CFU ml(-1); water line samples from the DUWS ranged from 1.52 (ES) to 2.79 (GR) log CFU ml(-1); and biofilm counts ranged from 1.49 (GR) to 3.22 (DK) log CFU.cm(-2). Opportunistic pathogens such as legionellae (DK and ES), including Legionella pneumophila SG1 (DK and GR), and Mycobacterium spp. (DK, NL, GR, D and ES) were recovered occasionally. Presumptive oral streptococci (ES and NL), oral anaerobes (GR), Candida spp. (UK, NL and ES) and blood (GR and IRL) were detected at relatively low frequencies, but their presence indicated a failure of the 3-in-1 antiretraction valve, leading to back siphonage of oral fluids into the water and biofilm phase. These findings confirm that a substantial proportion of DUWS have high levels of microbial contamination, irrespective of country, type of equipment and source water. The study emphasizes the need for effective mechanisms to reduce the microbial burden within DUWS, and highlights the risk of occupational exposure and cross-infection in general dental practice.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sm
                Sanidad Militar
                Sanid. Mil.
                Ministerio de Defensa (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1887-8571
                December 2022
                : 78
                : 4
                : 245-252
                Affiliations
                [2] Albacete orgnameAla 14 España
                [3] Castilla y León orgnameUniversidad de León orgdiv1Dpto. de Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos Spain
                [1] Castrillo del Val Burgos orgnameUSBA «Cid Campeador» España
                Article
                S1887-85712022000400007 S1887-8571(22)07800400007
                10.4321/s1887-85712022000400007
                ed1110b4-1a2b-457f-810f-6567f395dd32

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 15 February 2022
                : 14 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión Sistemática

                Spain,Legionella,instalaciones de agua,España,water facilities

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