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      Quantitative firing transformations of a triaxial ceramic by X-ray diffraction methods Translated title: Transformações quantitativas de queima de uma cerâmica triaxial por métodos de difração de raios X

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          Abstract

          The firing transformations of traditional (clay based) ceramics are of technological and archeological interest, and are usually reported qualitatively or semiquantitatively. These kinds of systems present an important complexity, especially for X-ray diffraction techniques, due to the presence of fully crystalline, low crystalline and amorphous phases. In this article we present the results of a qualitative and quantitative X-ray diffraction Rietveld analysis of the fully crystalline (kaolinite, quartz, cristobalite, feldspars and/or mullite), the low crystalline (metakaolinite and/or spinel type pre-mullite) and glassy phases evolution of a triaxial (clay-quartz-feldspar) ceramic fired in a wide temperature range between 900 and 1300 ºC. The employed methodology to determine low crystalline and glassy phase abundances is based in a combination of the internal standard method and the use of a nanocrystalline model where the long-range order is lost, respectively. A preliminary sintering characterization was carried out by contraction, density and porosity evolution with the firing temperature. Simultaneous thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analysis was carried out to elucidate the actual temperature at which the chemical changes occur. Finally, the quantitative analysis based on the Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction patterns was performed. The kaolinite decomposition into metakaolinite was determined quantitatively; the intermediate (980 ºC) spinel type alumino-silicate formation was also quantified; the incongruent fusion of the potash feldspar was observed and quantified together with the final mullitization and the amorphous (glassy) phase formation.The methodology used to analyze the X-ray diffraction patterns proved to be suitable to evaluate quantitatively the thermal transformations that occur in a complex system like the triaxial ceramics. The evaluated phases can be easily correlated with the processing variables and materials properties. These correlations can be employed for materials characterization, design and processing control.

          Translated abstract

          As transformações de queima de cerâmicas tradicionais (à base de argila) são de interesse tecnológico e arqueológico, e são geralmente reportadas qualitativa ou semi-qualitativamente. Estes tipos de sistemas apresentam uma importante complexidade, especialmente para técnicas de difração de raios X, devido à presença de fases totalmente cristalinas, de baixa cristalinidade e amorfas. Neste artigo apresentamos os resultados de análise de Rietveld qualitativa e quantitativa de difração de raios X de amostras totalmente cristalinas (caulinita, quartzo, cristobalita, feldspato e/ou mulita), de baixa cristalinidade (metacaulinita e/ou pré-mulita tipo espinélio) e evolução de fases vítreas de cerâmica triaxial (argila-quartzo-feldspato) após queima em ampla faixa de temperaturas entre 900 e 1300 ºC. A metodologia empregada para determinar as abundâncias de fases de baixa cristalinidade e amorfas é baseada em uma combinação de método de padrões interno se o uso de modelo nanocristalino no qual a ordem de longo alcance é perdida, respectivamente. Uma caracterização preliminar de sinterização foi feita por evolução de retração, densidade e porosidade em função da temperatura de queima. Análise simultânea termogravimétrica e térmica diferencial (TG-ATD) foi feita para avaliar as temperaturas reais em que ocorrem as transformações químicas. Finalmente, foi feita uma análise quantitativa baseada no método de refinamento de Rietveld dos difratogramas de raios X. A decomposição de caulinita em metacaulinita foi determinada quantitativamente; a formação intermediária (980 ºC) de alumino-silicato tipo espinélio foi também quantificada; a fusão incongruente de feldspato potássico foi observada e quantificada juntamente com a mulitização final e formação de fase amorfa (vítrea). A metodologia usada para analisar os difratogramas de raios X provaram ser adequadas para avaliar quantitativamente as transformações térmicas que ocorrem em um sistema complexo como as cerâmicas triaxiais. As fases determinadas podem ser facilmente correlacionadas com as variáveis de processo e as propriedades dos materiais. Essas correlações podem ser empregadas para caracterização, projeto e controle de processamento de materiais.

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          Most cited references38

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          Accuracy of XRPD QPA using the combined Rietveld–RIR method

          QPA (quantitative phase analysis) of polycrystalline materials using XRPD (X-ray powder diffraction) can be performed using the combined Rietveld and reference intensity ratio (RIR) methods, providing an estimate of both the crystalline and the amorphous phase in a mixture. Although the accuracy of estimates of the phase composition of simple ternary or quaternary mixtures is generally very good, uncertainties remain and bias the accuracy of phase determinations in complex systems such as pyroclastic rocks, which may contain two or more zeolite species, a number of other phases (generally up to four or five), and glass. The contribution of the incoherent scattering, biasing accuracy, in the glass determination has been discussed in an earlier work on the modal analysis of pyroclastic rocks [Gualtieri (1996).Powder Diffr.11, 97–106]. In this work, the assumption of the crystal structure, the influence of the spike addition, background and atomic (thermal) displacement parameters are discussed. It is shown that the structure-model assumption no longer holds for systems containing complex phases such as zeolites, as the accuracy is degraded and, as far as the influence of the added spike is concerned, there is an underestimation of the glass content with increasing amounts of added spike.
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            Structure and properties of mullite—A review

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              Description and survey of methodologies for the determination of amorphous content via X-ray powder diffraction

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ce
                Cerâmica
                Cerâmica
                Associação Brasileira de Cerâmica (São Paulo )
                1678-4553
                December 2014
                : 60
                : 356
                : 524-531
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro de Tecnología de Recursos Minerales y Cerámica Argentina
                [2 ] Universidad Nacional de La Plata Argentina
                Article
                S0366-69132014000400010
                10.1590/S0366-69132014000400010
                ed36f91c-935d-429d-bfb3-debcd06fdb8b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0366-6913&lng=en
                Categories
                MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

                Ceramics
                triaxial ceramics,XRD-Rietveld,processing,characterization,cerâmicas triaxiais,DRX-Rietveld,processamento,caracterização

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