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      The Potential and Action Mechanism of Polyphenols in the Treatment of Liver Diseases

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          Abstract

          Liver disease, involving a wide range of liver pathologies from fatty liver, hepatitis, and fibrosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is a serious health problem worldwide. In recent years, many natural foods and herbs with abundant phytochemicals have been proposed as health supplementation for patients with hepatic disorders. As an important category of phytochemicals, natural polyphenols have attracted increasing attention as potential agents for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. The striking capacities in remitting oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and inflammation put polyphenols in the spotlight for the therapies of liver diseases. It has been reported that many polyphenols from a wide range of foods and herbs exert therapeutic effects on liver injuries via complicated mechanisms. Therefore, it is necessary to have a systematical review to sort out current researches to help better understand the potentials of polyphenols in liver diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize and update the existing evidence of natural polyphenols in the treatment of various liver diseases by in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, while special attention is paid to the action mechanisms.

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          Most cited references166

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          The role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD.

          NAFLD is now the most common cause of liver disease in Western countries. This Review explores the links between NAFLD, the metabolic syndrome, dysbiosis, poor diet and gut health. Animal studies in which the gut microbiota are manipulated, and observational studies in patients with NAFLD, have provided considerable evidence that dysbiosis contributes to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Dysbiosis increases gut permeability to bacterial products and increases hepatic exposure to injurious substances that increase hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Dysbiosis, combined with poor diet, also changes luminal metabolism of food substrates, such as increased production of certain short-chain fatty acids and alcohol, and depletion of choline. Changes to the microbiome can also cause dysmotility, gut inflammation and other immunological changes in the gut that might contribute to liver injury. Evidence also suggests that certain food components and lifestyle factors, which are known to influence the severity of NAFLD, do so at least in part by changing the gut microbiota. Improved methods of analysis of the gut microbiome, and greater understanding of interactions between dysbiosis, diet, environmental factors and their effects on the gut-liver axis should improve the treatment of this common liver disease and its associated disorders.
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            Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents.

            Total equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and phenolic content of 26 common spice extracts from 12 botanical families were investigated. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of major phenolics in the spice extracts were systematically conducted by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Many spices contained high levels of phenolics and demonstrated high antioxidant capacity. Wide variation in TEAC values (0.55-168.7 mmol/100 g) and total phenolic content (0.04-14.38 g of gallic acid equivalent/100 g) was observed. A highly positive linear relationship (R2= 0.95) obtained between TEAC values and total phenolic content showed that phenolic compounds in the tested spices contributed significantly to their antioxidant capacity. Major types of phenolic constituents identified in the spice extracts were phenolic acids, phenolic diterpenes, flavonoids, and volatile oils (e.g., aromatic compounds). Rosmarinic acid was the dominant phenolic compound in the six spices of the family Labiatae. Phenolic volatile oils were the principal active ingredients in most spices. The spices and related families with the highest antioxidant capacity were screened, e.g., clove in the Myrtaceae, cinnamon in the Lauraceae, oregano in the Labiatae, etc., representing potential sources of potent natural antioxidants for commercial exploitation. This study provides direct comparative data on antioxidant capacity and total and individual phenolics contents of the 26 spice extracts.
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              Resources and Biological Activities of Natural Polyphenols

              The oxidative stress imposed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in many chronic and degenerative diseases. As an important category of phytochemicals, phenolic compounds universally exist in plants, and have been considered to have high antioxidant ability and free radical scavenging capacity, with the mechanism of inhibiting the enzymes responsible for ROS production and reducing highly oxidized ROS. Therefore, phenolic compounds have attracted increasing attention as potential agents for preventing and treating many oxidative stress-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, ageing, diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge of natural polyphenols, including resource, bioactivities, bioavailability and potential toxicity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Oxid Med Cell Longev
                Oxid Med Cell Longev
                OMCL
                Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
                Hindawi
                1942-0900
                1942-0994
                2018
                4 February 2018
                : 2018
                : 8394818
                Affiliations
                1School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
                2Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Pok Fu Lam, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
                3Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Sharad S. Singhal

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9338-2495
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1410-329X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-8543
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-670X
                Article
                10.1155/2018/8394818
                5817364
                29507653
                ed3b9948-e6e8-468d-917f-cb1087dd29a6
                Copyright © 2018 Sha Li et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 8 December 2017
                : 9 January 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Shenzhen Basic Research Program
                Award ID: JCYJ20140903112959964
                Funded by: Donation of Vita Green Health Products Co. Ltd.
                Award ID: 200007477
                Funded by: Government-Matching Grant Scheme
                Award ID: 207060411
                Funded by: Gala Family Trust
                Award ID: 200007008
                Funded by: Hong Kong RGC (Research Grants Committee)
                Award ID: 17152116
                Award ID: 766211
                Funded by: research council of the University of Hong Kong
                Award ID: 104004746
                Award ID: 104004745
                Award ID: 104004462
                Award ID: 104003919
                Award ID: 104004460
                Award ID: 104004092
                Categories
                Review Article

                Molecular medicine
                Molecular medicine

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