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      Bird population declines and species turnover are changing the acoustic properties of spring soundscapes

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          Abstract

          Natural sounds, and bird song in particular, play a key role in building and maintaining our connection with nature, but widespread declines in bird populations mean that the acoustic properties of natural soundscapes may be changing. Using data-driven reconstructions of soundscapes in lieu of historical recordings, here we quantify changes in soundscape characteristics at more than 200,000 sites across North America and Europe. We integrate citizen science bird monitoring data with recordings of individual species to reveal a pervasive loss of acoustic diversity and intensity of soundscapes across both continents over the past 25 years, driven by changes in species richness and abundance. These results suggest that one of the fundamental pathways through which humans engage with nature is in chronic decline, with potentially widespread implications for human health and well-being.

          Abstract

          Birdsong has long connected humans to nature. Historical reconstructions using bird monitoring and song recordings collected by citizen scientists reveal that the soundscape of birdsong in North America and Europe is both quieter and less varied, mirroring declines in bird diversity and abundance.

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          Most cited references61

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          Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Usinglme4

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            APE: Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R language.

            Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution (APE) is a package written in the R language for use in molecular evolution and phylogenetics. APE provides both utility functions for reading and writing data and manipulating phylogenetic trees, as well as several advanced methods for phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis (e.g. comparative and population genetic methods). APE takes advantage of the many R functions for statistics and graphics, and also provides a flexible framework for developing and implementing further statistical methods for the analysis of evolutionary processes. The program is free and available from the official R package archive at http://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/PACKAGES.html#ape. APE is licensed under the GNU General Public License.
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              More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas

              Global declines in insects have sparked wide interest among scientists, politicians, and the general public. Loss of insect diversity and abundance is expected to provoke cascading effects on food webs and to jeopardize ecosystem services. Our understanding of the extent and underlying causes of this decline is based on the abundance of single species or taxonomic groups only, rather than changes in insect biomass which is more relevant for ecological functioning. Here, we used a standardized protocol to measure total insect biomass using Malaise traps, deployed over 27 years in 63 nature protection areas in Germany (96 unique location-year combinations) to infer on the status and trend of local entomofauna. Our analysis estimates a seasonal decline of 76%, and mid-summer decline of 82% in flying insect biomass over the 27 years of study. We show that this decline is apparent regardless of habitat type, while changes in weather, land use, and habitat characteristics cannot explain this overall decline. This yet unrecognized loss of insect biomass must be taken into account in evaluating declines in abundance of species depending on insects as a food source, and ecosystem functioning in the European landscape.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                simon.j.butler@uea.ac.uk
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                2 November 2021
                2 November 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 6217
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.8273.e, ISNI 0000 0001 1092 7967, School of Biological Sciences, , University of East Anglia, ; Norwich, UK
                [2 ]GRID grid.9845.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0775 3222, Faculty of Biology, , University of Latvia, ; Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV-1004 Latvia
                [3 ]Latvian Ornithological Society, Skolas iela 3, Riga, LV-1010 Latvia
                [4 ]GRID grid.511845.c, Romanian Ornithological Society/BirdLife Romania, ; Cluj-Napoca, Romania
                [5 ]GRID grid.7399.4, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1397, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, , Babeș-Bolyai University, ; Cluj-Napoca, Romania
                [6 ]InForest JRU (CTFC-CREAF), Solsona, 25280 Spain
                [7 ]GRID grid.452388.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0722 403X, CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, ; 08193 Barcelona, Spain
                [8 ]GRID grid.4711.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 4846, CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès, ; 08193 Barcelona, Spain
                [9 ]GRID grid.413454.3, ISNI 0000 0001 1958 0162, Museum and Institute of Zoology, , Polish Academy of Sciences, ; Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland
                [10 ]Polish Society for the Protection of Birds (OTOP), ul. Odrowaza 24, 05-270 Marki, Poland
                [11 ]Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO/BirdLife), Madrid, Spain
                [12 ]Dansk Ornitologisk Forening, BirdLife Denmark, Vesterbrogade 138-140, DK-1620 København V, Denmark
                [13 ]GRID grid.475834.9, European Bird Census Council-Czech Society for Ornithology, ; Na Bělidle 34, 15000 Prague 5, Czechia
                [14 ]GRID grid.511627.6, European Bird Census Council–Catalan Ornithological Institute, , Natural History Museum of Barcelona, ; Plaça Leonardo da Vinci 4-5, 08019 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
                [15 ]GRID grid.463835.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0445 9628, Centre d’Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation, UMR7204 MNHN-CNRS-SU, ; Paris, France
                [16 ]GRID grid.420127.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2107 519X, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, ; P.O. Box 5685, Torgarden, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
                [17 ]GRID grid.7450.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, University of Göttingen, Department of Conservation Science, ; Bürgerstr. 50, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
                [18 ]Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA), An den Speichern 2, 48157 Münster, Germany
                [19 ]DOPPS - BirdLife Slovenia, Tržaška cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
                [20 ]GRID grid.507626.0, ISNI 0000 0001 0684 4026, Finnish Museum of Natural History, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, ; P.O. Box 17, Helsinki, Finland
                [21 ]GRID grid.4514.4, ISNI 0000 0001 0930 2361, Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, , Lund University, ; Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
                [22 ]GRID grid.423196.b, ISNI 0000 0001 2171 8108, British Trust for Ornithology, , The Nunnery, ; Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU UK
                [23 ]NOF-BirdLife Norway, Sandgata 30 B, NO-7012 Trondheim, Norway
                [24 ]Natagora, Département Études, Traverse des Muses 1, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
                [25 ]GRID grid.4491.8, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 116X, Institute for Environmental Studies, , Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, ; Prague, Czechia
                [26 ]GRID grid.10979.36, ISNI 0000 0001 1245 3953, Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, , Palacký University Olomouc, ; 17 Listopadu 50, 771 43 Olomouc, Czechia
                [27 ]GRID grid.419767.a, ISNI 0000 0001 1512 3677, Swiss Ornithological Institute, ; Seerose 1, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
                [28 ]BirdLife Österreich, Museumsplatz 1/10/8, A-1070 Wien, Austria
                [29 ]GRID grid.452751.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0465 6808, Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, ; P.O. Box 6521, 6503 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
                [30 ]GRID grid.5590.9, ISNI 0000000122931605, Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, , Radboud University, ; P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6051-1879
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9342-2370
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6863-4294
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5153-7970
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0606-7332
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2126-0261
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6061-0930
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-2922
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1989-277X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-6209
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6656-7232
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0986-2726
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2068-7976
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5359-6387
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1328-210X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3932-3897
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-9370
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-0507
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-5639
                Article
                26488
                10.1038/s41467-021-26488-1
                8564540
                34728617
                ed86dc3a-4cf4-46d5-91d8-6f7f20eb21cb
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 14 April 2021
                : 24 September 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000270, RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC);
                Award ID: NE/T007/354/1
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Uncategorized
                biodiversity,community ecology,conservation biology
                Uncategorized
                biodiversity, community ecology, conservation biology

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