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      Seasonal variations in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in a Swedish cohort

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          Abstract

          To study seasonal inter-individual and intra-individual variations in serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) and to explore parameters associated with 25(OH)D in a healthy Swedish adult population. 540 blood donors (60 % men; mean age 41 ± 13 years) and 75 thrombocyte donors (92 % men, aged 46 ± 11 years) were included. Serum was collected during 12 months and analyzed for 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone (S-iPTH). The blood donors answered questionnaires concerning vitamin D supplements, smoking, physical activity, sunbed use and sun holidays. Repeated serum samples were collected from the thrombocyte donors to study the intra-individual variations in S-25(OH)D. S-25(OH)D varied greatly over the year correlating with the intensity of the UV-B irradiation ( r S = 0.326; p < 0.001). During January–March, a S-25(OH)D level below the thresholds of 50 and 75 nmol/L was observed in 58 and 88 %, respectively, and during July–September in 11 and 50 % ( p < 0.001). S-25(OH)D was negatively correlated with body mass index and S-iPTH, but was significantly higher in holiday makers in sunny destinations, sunbed users, non-smokers, and in the physically active. The intra-individual analyses showed a mean increase in S-25(OH)D by 8 nmol/L/month between April and August. Approximately 75 % had serum 25(OH)D values <75 nmol/L during 75 % of the year and 50 % had serum 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L during 50 % of the year. Serum 25(OH)D was strongly associated with parameters related to sun exposure, but only weakly with intake of vitamin D supplements.

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          The nonskeletal effects of vitamin D: an Endocrine Society scientific statement.

          Significant controversy has emerged over the last decade concerning the effects of vitamin D on skeletal and nonskeletal tissues. The demonstration that the vitamin D receptor is expressed in virtually all cells of the body and the growing body of observational data supporting a relationship of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to chronic metabolic, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases have led to widespread utilization of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention and treatment of numerous disorders. In this paper, we review both the basic and clinical aspects of vitamin D in relation to nonskeletal organ systems. We begin by focusing on the molecular aspects of vitamin D, primarily by examining the structure and function of the vitamin D receptor. This is followed by a systematic review according to tissue type of the inherent biological plausibility, the strength of the observational data, and the levels of evidence that support or refute an association between vitamin D levels or supplementation and maternal/child health as well as various disease states. Although observational studies support a strong case for an association between vitamin D and musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neoplastic, and metabolic disorders, there remains a paucity of large-scale and long-term randomized clinical trials. Thus, at this time, more studies are needed to definitively conclude that vitamin D can offer preventive and therapeutic benefits across a wide range of physiological states and chronic nonskeletal disorders.
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            Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited.

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              IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults.

              This position paper of the International Osteoporosis Foundation makes recommendations for vitamin D nutrition in elderly men and women from an evidence-based perspective.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +46-31-3427745 , Eva.Klingberg@vgregion.se
                Journal
                Endocrine
                Endocrine
                Endocrine
                Springer US (New York )
                1355-008X
                1559-0100
                14 February 2015
                14 February 2015
                2015
                : 49
                : 3
                : 800-808
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [ ]Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [ ]Centre for Applied Biostatistics, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
                [ ]Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska/SU, Gröna stråket 14, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
                Article
                548
                10.1007/s12020-015-0548-3
                4512566
                25681052
                ed901958-ece9-4057-9297-ade7374aedc0
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

                History
                : 27 September 2014
                : 3 February 2015
                Categories
                Original Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                vitamin d,vitamin d deficiency,parathyroid hormone,ultraviolet light
                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                vitamin d, vitamin d deficiency, parathyroid hormone, ultraviolet light

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