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      Auditory Processing in High-Functioning Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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          Abstract

          Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder including abnormalities in perceptual processing. We measure perception in a battery of tests across speech (filtering, phoneme categorization, multisensory integration) and music (pitch memory, meter categorization, harmonic priming). We found that compared to controls, the ASD group showed poorer filtering, less audio-visual integration, less specialization for native phonemic and metrical categories, and a higher instance of absolute pitch. No group differences were found in harmonic priming. Our results are discussed in a developmental framework where culture-specific knowledge acquired early compared to late in development is most impaired, perhaps because of early-accelerated brain growth in ASD. These results suggest that early auditory remediation is needed for good communication and social functioning.

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          Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: evidence of underconnectivity.

          Marcel Just, Vladimir L. Cherkassky, Timothy A. Keller … (2004)
          The brain activation of a group of high-functioning autistic participants was measured using functional MRI during sentence comprehension and the results compared with those of a Verbal IQ-matched control group. The groups differed in the distribution of activation in two of the key language areas. The autism group produced reliably more activation than the control group in Wernicke's (left laterosuperior temporal) area and reliably less activation than the control group in Broca's (left inferior frontal gyrus) area. Furthermore, the functional connectivity, i.e. the degree of synchronization or correlation of the time series of the activation, between the various participating cortical areas was consistently lower for the autistic than the control participants. These findings suggest that the neural basis of disordered language in autism entails a lower degree of information integration and synchronization across the large-scale cortical network for language processing. The article presents a theoretical account of the findings, related to neurobiological foundations of underconnectivity in autism.
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            Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study.

            E Courchesne, C. Karns, H Davis … (2001)
            To quantify developmental abnormalities in cerebral and cerebellar volume in autism. The authors studied 60 autistic and 52 normal boys (age, 2 to 16 years) using MRI. Thirty autistic boys were diagnosed and scanned when 5 years or older. The other 30 were scanned when 2 through 4 years of age and then diagnosed with autism at least 2.5 years later, at an age when the diagnosis of autism is more reliable. Neonatal head circumferences from clinical records were available for 14 of 15 autistic 2- to 5-year-olds and, on average, were normal (35.1 +/- 1.3 cm versus clinical norms: 34.6 +/- 1.6 cm), indicative of normal overall brain volume at birth; one measure was above the 95th percentile. By ages 2 to 4 years, 90% of autistic boys had a brain volume larger than normal average, and 37% met criteria for developmental macrencephaly. Autistic 2- to 3-year-olds had more cerebral (18%) and cerebellar (39%) white matter, and more cerebral cortical gray matter (12%) than normal, whereas older autistic children and adolescents did not have such enlarged gray and white matter volumes. In the cerebellum, autistic boys had less gray matter, smaller ratio of gray to white matter, and smaller vermis lobules VI-VII than normal controls. Abnormal regulation of brain growth in autism results in early overgrowth followed by abnormally slowed growth. Hyperplasia was present in cerebral gray matter and cerebral and cerebellar white matter in early life in patients with autism.
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              Early social attention impairments in autism: social orienting, joint attention, and attention to distress.

              Geraldine Dawson, Karen Toth, Robert Abbott … (2004)
              This study investigated social attention impairments in autism (social orienting, joint attention, and attention to another's distress) and their relations to language ability. Three- to four-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 72), 3- to 4-year-old developmentally delayed children (n = 34), and 12- to 46-month-old typically developing children (n = 39), matched on mental age, were compared on measures of social orienting, joint attention, and attention to another's distress. Children with autism performed significantly worse than the comparison groups in all of these domains. Combined impairments in joint attention and social orienting were found to best distinguish young children with ASD from those without ASD. Structural equation modeling indicated that joint attention was the best predictor of concurrent language ability. Social orienting and attention to distress were indirectly related to language through their relations with joint attention. These results help to clarify the nature of social attention impairments in autism, offer clues to developmental mechanisms, and suggest targets for early intervention. ((c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 September 2012
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: e44084
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
                [2 ]Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
                [3 ]Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
                [4 ]Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Auditory Cognition and Psychoacoustics Team, CNRS-UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, Rhône-Alpes, France
                Goldsmiths, University of London, United Kingdom
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: LJT ARD. Performed the experiments: ARD. Analyzed the data: ARD LJT GBCH. Wrote the paper: LJT ARD GBCH BT.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-12-01208
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044084
                PMC ID: 3440400
                PubMed ID: 22984462
                SO-VID: ed992591-539f-4d55-b9d2-ee4f782a82d4
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2012
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 12 January 2012
                Date accepted : 31 July 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 17
                Funding
                This research was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to LJT and a graduate fellowship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada to ARD. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Mental Health
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Developmental Psychology
                Subject: Neuropsychology
                Subject: Sensory Perception
                Subject: Social and Behavioral Sciences
                Subject: Communications
                Subject: Linguistics
                Subject: Phonology
                Subject: Psycholinguistics
                Subject: Speech
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Developmental Psychology
                Subject: Experimental Psychology
                Subject: Neuropsychology
                Subject: Psychophysics
                Subject: Sensory Perception

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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