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      Metacognition, states of mind, cognitive biases, and interpersonal cycles: Proposal for an integrated narcissism model.

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          Most cited references14

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          Narcissistic Illusions in Self-Evaluations of Intelligence and Attractiveness

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            How are alexithymia and physical illness linked? A review and critique of pathways.

            We review the empirical literature and critique four possible pathways linking alexithymia and physical illness; (a) alexithymia leads to organic disease through physiological or behavioral mechanisms: (b) alexithymia leads to illness behavior (physical symptoms, disability, excessive health care use) through cognitive or social mechanisms: (c) physical illness leads to alexithymia; and (d) both alexithymia and physical illness result from sociocultural or biological factors. Our review suggests that alexithymia is associated with tonic physiological hyperarousal, certain types of unhealthy behavior, and a biased perception and reporting of somatic sensations and symptoms. Alexithymia also appears to influence health care use, but in a complex fashion. Although trauma may give rise to alexithymia, whether physical illness such as chronic pain does so is not known, and there is little evidence that sociocultural or biological factors lead to both alexithymia and physical illness. We conclude that alexithymia probably influences illness behavior, but there is little support for the hypothesis that alexithymia leads to chronic organic disease, especially when one distinguishes organic disease from illness behavior.
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              Narcissism, self-esteem, and defensive self-enhancement.

              This study investigates the relationships among narcissism, self-esteem, and defensive self-enhancement in samples of 60, 84, 300, and 57 subjects. Using various self-report indices of these constructs we found that (a) defensive self-enhancement is composed of two orthogonal components: grandiosity and social desirability; (b) grandiosity and social desirability independently predict self-esteem and may represent distinct confounds in the measurement of self-esteem, (c) narcissism is positively related to grandiose self-enhancement (as opposed to social desirability), (d) narcissism is positively associated with both defensive and nondefensive self-esteem, and (e) authority, self-sufficiency, and vanity are the narcissistic elements most indicative of nondefensive self-esteem. The results are consistent with several theories that postulate a two-component model for self-esteem regulation and personality development.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Psychotherapy Integration
                Journal of Psychotherapy Integration
                American Psychological Association (APA)
                1053-0479
                2002
                2002
                : 12
                : 4
                : 421-451
                Article
                10.1037/1053-0479.12.4.421
                ed9d463f-393d-4df8-8637-78d276dbf221
                © 2002
                History

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