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      Seguridad del paciente en Medicina Intensiva. Aspectos bioéticos Translated title: Patient Safety in Intensive Care Medicine. Bioethical aspects Translated title: Seguretat del Pacient en Medicina Intensiva. Aspectes bioètics

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          Abstract

          Resumen La Seguridad del Paciente se ha convertido en un reto y en una prioridad de todos los sistemas sanitarios. Se ha implantado políticas internacionales con el objetivo de reducir el número de incidentes relacionados con Seguridad del Paciente. Todavía son muchos los pacientes que sufren daños derivados de la atención sanitaria. Además, su impacto se extiende no solo a los familiares y allegados, sino también a los propios profesionales, a las instituciones sanitarias y todo ello con un coste económico y emocional con importantes consecuencias para todos los implicados. La mayoría de estudios realizados han ido dirigidos a conocer la epidemiología de los eventos adversos, a conocer sus causas y sus consecuencias. Se han promovido numerosas prácticas seguras con el objetivo de reducir los riesgos relacionados con la atención sanitaria. Recientemente han cobrado mayor relevancia aspectos relacionados con la actuación posterior a un evento adverso (EA). La gestión del riesgo implica entre otras acciones, la identificación, notificación y el análisis de los EA que señalen los fallos latentes en el sistema y la causa raíz con el objetivo último de establecer acciones de mejora y evitar su recurrencia. De forma paulatina estas estrategias se han ido incorporando en las políticas institucionales y mejorando con ello la cultura de seguridad. Pero todavía existen partes del proceso, que en nuestro ámbito se encuentran en su etapa más inicial, tales como el proceso de información sobre los EA a los pacientes y sus familiares y el soporte a los profesionales tras verse implicados en un EA. Todo ello debe construirse en un marco de confianza y credibilidad.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Patient Safety has become a challenge and a priority of all healthcare systems. International policies have been implemented with the aim of reducing the number of incidents related to Patient Safety. There are still many patients who suffer damages derived from health care. In addition, its impact extends not only to family members and relatives, but also to the professionals themselves, to health institutions and all of this at an economic and emotional cost with important consequences for all those involved. Most studies have been directed to know the epidemiology of adverse events (AE), to know their causes and their consequences. Numerous safe practices have been promoted with the aim of reducing the risks related to health care. Recently, aspects related to post-AE performance have become more relevant. Risk management involves, among other actions, the identification, notification and analysis of the AE that point out latent failures in the system and the root cause with the ultimate goal of establishing improvement actions and avoiding their recurrence. Gradually these strategies have been incorporated into institutional policies and thereby improving the safety culture. But there are still parts of the process, which in our area are in their most initial stage, such as the process of informing about AE to patients and their families and the support to professionals after being involved in an AE. All this must be built in a framework of trust and credibility.

          Translated abstract

          Resum La seguretat del pacient s'ha convertit en un repte i en una prioritat de tots els sistemes sanitaris. S'han implantat polítiques internacionals amb l'objectiu de reduir el nombre d'incidents relacionats amb la seguretat del pacient. Encara són molts els pacients que sofreixen danys derivats de l'atenció sanitària. A més, el seu impacte s'estén no només als familiars i afins, sinó també als propis professionals, a les institucions sanitàries i tot això amb un cost econòmic i emocional amb importants conseqüències per a tots els implicats. La majoria d'estudis realitzats han anat dirigits a conèixer l'epidemiologia dels esdeveniments adversos, a conèixer les seves causes i les seves conseqüències. S'han promogut nombroses pràctiques segures amb l'objectiu de reduir els riscos relacionats amb l'atenció sanitària. Recentment han cobrat major rellevància els aspectes relacionats amb l'actuació posterior a un EA (esdeveniment advers). La gestió del risc implica entre altres accions, la identificació, notificació i l'anàlisi dels EA que assenyalin les fallades latents en el sistema i la causa arrel de les mateixes amb l'objectiu últim d'establir accions de millora i evitar-ne la recurrència. De forma gradual, aquestes estratègies s'han anat incorporant en les polítiques institucionals millorant amb això la cultura de seguretat. Però encara existeixen parts del procés, que en el nostre àmbit es troben en la seva etapa més inicial, tals com el procés d'informació sobre els EA als pacients i els seus familiars i el suport als professionals després de veure's implicats en un EA. Tot això ha de construir-se en un marc de confiança i credibilitat.

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          A new, evidence-based estimate of patient harms associated with hospital care.

          Based on 1984 data developed from reviews of medical records of patients treated in New York hospitals, the Institute of Medicine estimated that up to 98,000 Americans die each year from medical errors. The basis of this estimate is nearly 3 decades old; herein, an updated estimate is developed from modern studies published from 2008 to 2011. A literature review identified 4 limited studies that used primarily the Global Trigger Tool to flag specific evidence in medical records, such as medication stop orders or abnormal laboratory results, which point to an adverse event that may have harmed a patient. Ultimately, a physician must concur on the findings of an adverse event and then classify the severity of patient harm. Using a weighted average of the 4 studies, a lower limit of 210,000 deaths per year was associated with preventable harm in hospitals. Given limitations in the search capability of the Global Trigger Tool and the incompleteness of medical records on which the Tool depends, the true number of premature deaths associated with preventable harm to patients was estimated at more than 400,000 per year. Serious harm seems to be 10- to 20-fold more common than lethal harm. The epidemic of patient harm in hospitals must be taken more seriously if it is to be curtailed. Fully engaging patients and their advocates during hospital care, systematically seeking the patients' voice in identifying harms, transparent accountability for harm, and intentional correction of root causes of harm will be necessary to accomplish this goal.
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            Medical error: the second victim. The doctor who makes the mistake needs help too.

            A W Wu (2000)
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              Errors in administration of parenteral drugs in intensive care units: multinational prospective study

              Objective To assess on a multinational level the frequency, characteristics, contributing factors, and preventive measures of administration errors in parenteral medication in intensive care units. Design Observational, prospective, 24 hour cross sectional study with self reporting by staff. Setting 113 intensive care units in 27 countries. Participants 1328 adults in intensive care. Main outcome measures Number of errors; impact of errors; distribution of error characteristics; distribution of contributing and preventive factors. Results 861 errors affecting 441 patients were reported: 74.5 (95% confidence interval 69.5 to 79.4) events per 100 patient days. Three quarters of the errors were classified as errors of omission. Twelve patients (0.9% of the study population) experienced permanent harm or died because of medication errors at the administration stage. In a multiple logistic regression with patients as the unit of analysis, odds ratios for the occurrence of at least one parenteral medication error were raised for number of organ failures (odds ratio per increase of one organ failure: 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.34); use of any intravenous medication (yes v no: 2.73, 1.39 to 5.36); number of parenteral administrations (per increase of one parenteral administration: 1.06, 1.04 to 1.08); typical interventions in patients in intensive care (yes v no: 1.50, 1.14 to 1.96); larger intensive care unit (per increase of one bed: 1.01, 1.00 to 1.02); number of patients per nurse (per increase of one patient: 1.30, 1.03 to 1.64); and occupancy rate (per 10% increase: 1.03, 1.00 to 1.05). Odds ratios for the occurrence of parenteral medication errors were decreased for presence of basic monitoring (yes v no: 0.19, 0.07 to 0.49); an existing critical incident reporting system (yes v no: 0.69, 0.53 to 0.90); an established routine of checks at nurses’ shift change (yes v no: 0.68, 0.52 to 0.90); and an increased ratio of patient turnover to the size of the unit (per increase of one patient: 0.73, 0.57 to 0.93). Conclusions Parenteral medication errors at the administration stage are common and a serious safety problem in intensive care units. With the increasing complexity of care in critically ill patients, organisational factors such as error reporting systems and routine checks can reduce the risk for such errors.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bioetica
                Revista de Bioética y Derecho
                Rev. Bioética y Derecho
                Observatori de Bioètica i Dret - Cátedra UNESCO de Bioética (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1886-5887
                2020
                : 48
                : 61-79
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameHospital Universitario de Torrejón Spain
                [2] Madrid Madrid orgnameUniversidad Francisco de Vitoria Spain
                Article
                S1886-58872020000100005 S1886-5887(20)00004800005
                edc5ef48-3ec9-419b-8247-83a7b00f2404

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 May 2019
                : 15 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 19
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Dossier Bioética y Medicina Intensiva

                open disclosure,intensive care medicine second victims,Safety patients,adverse events,esdeveniment advers,Seguridad del paciente,segundas víctimas, información,medicina intensiva,Seguretat del pacient,evento adverso,segones víctimes,informació

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