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      Glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria secundaria a la oligonefronia del prematuro Translated title: A secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis due to prematurity

      case-report

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          Abstract

          Resumen: Introducción: Tanto el nacimiento prematuro como el bajo peso de nacimiento comprometen el desarrollo ne fronal. La menor dotación de nefrones es sometida a hiperfiltración compensadora que sobrecarga a los glomérulos y lleva al círculo vicioso de deterioro progresivo de función renal. Objetivo: En fatizar el riesgo del compromiso renal en esta población susceptible describiendo el caso de un paciente con seguimiento prolongado. Caso Clínico: Recién nacido prematuro nacido con bajo peso, que a los 3 años de edad presenta hipertensión severa, que logró controlarse con distintos ti pos de antihipertensivos. Sin embargo, 10 años más tarde, se detectó proteinuria subnefrótica, con una biopsia renal que confirma una glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria. A pesar de bloquear el sistema renina-angiotensina durante 23 años su función renal se deterioró progresivamente, hasta requerir hemodiálisis crónica durante los últimos 3 años. Conclusión: Es indispensable difundir el riesgo de daño renal en recién nacidos prematuros y de bajo peso para instalar un manejo que se extienda desde la gestación hasta la vida adulta y lograr un impacto individual y epidemiológico en la salud renal.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Both premature birth and low birth weight compromise nephron development. The lower nephron endowment is subjected to compensatory hyperfiltration that overloads the glomeruli and leads to the vicious circle of progressive deterioration of renal function. Objective: To emphasize the risk of renal involvement in this susceptible population by describing the case of a patient with long-term follow-up. Clinical Case: Low-weight premature newborn, who presented at 3 years of age severe hypertension, which was controlled with different types of antihypertensive drugs. However, 10 years later subnephrotic proteinuria was detected; a renal biopsy confirmed a focal and segmental glome rulosclerosis. Despite blocking the renin-angiotensin system for 23 years, his renal function progres sively deteriorated, until requiring chronic hemodialysis during the last 3 years. Conclusion: It is essential to increase the awareness of the risk of renal damage in premature and low weight newborns in order to establish management that covers from gestation to adult life and to achieve an individual and epidemiological impact on renal health.

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          Most cited references18

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          Prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction with aspirin started in early pregnancy: a meta-analysis.

          To estimate the effect of low-dose aspirin started in early pregnancy on the incidence of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed through electronic database searches (PubMed, Cochrane, Embase). Randomized controlled trials of pregnant women at risk of preeclampsia who were assigned to receive aspirin or placebo (or no treatment) were reviewed. Secondary outcomes included IUGR, severe preeclampsia and preterm birth. The effect of aspirin was analyzed as a function of gestational age at initiation of the intervention (16 weeks of gestation or less, 16 weeks of gestation or more). Thirty-four randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, including 27 studies (11,348 women) with follow-up for the outcome of preeclampsia. Low-dose aspirin started at 16 weeks or earlier was associated with a significant reduction in preeclampsia (relative risk [RR] 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34-0.65, prevalence in 9.3% treated compared with 21.3% control) and IUGR (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.30-0.65, 7% treated compared with 16.3% control), whereas aspirin started after 16 weeks was not (preeclampsia: RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.63-1.03, prevalence in 7.3% treated compared with 8.1% control; IUGR: RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.87-1.10, 10.3% treated compared with 10.5% control). Low-dose aspirin started at 16 weeks or earlier also was associated with a reduction in severe preeclampsia (RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02-0.37, 0.7% treated compared with 15.0% control), gestational hypertension (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45-0.84, 16.7% treated compared with 29.7% control), and preterm birth (RR 0.22, 95% CI 0.10-0.49, 3.5% treated compared with 16.9% control). Of note, all studies for which aspirin had been started at 16 weeks or earlier included women identified to be at moderate or high risk for preeclampsia. Low-dose aspirin initiated in early pregnancy is an efficient method of reducing the incidence of preeclampsia and IUGR.
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            Glomeruli and blood pressure. Less of one, more the other?

            A primary role for the kidney in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension has long been recognized, but the pathogenetic interactions among renal hemodynamics, hormonal and hereditary factors, and dietary sodium intake remain enigmatic. Reduction in filtration surface area, whether acquired in the course of intrinsic renal disease or after surgical renal ablation, leads to systemic hypertension as well as to progressive renal insufficiency, sequellae made even more severe by dietary sodium excess. Moreover, hypertension and progressive renal disease eventuate in some individuals born with a solitary kidney, as well as in those with more severe degrees of dysgenesis (ie, oligomeganephronia). Hypertension is also commonly observed in certain inbred rat strains in which filtration surface area is congenitally deficient. Based on these and other lines of evidence reviewed herein, we postulate that a renal abnormality that contributes to essential hypertension in the general population is a reduced number of nephrons. The consequences of this abnormality are limitations in the ability to excrete sodium and thus, salt-sensitive hypertension. Finally, congenital variability in filtration surface area may explain why only some, but not all, patients exposed to potentially injurious renal stimuli eventually manifest chronic nephropathy. This may also account for the susceptibility of subsets of Type I and Type II diabetics to develop overt glomerulopathy.
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              World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women.

              The purpose of this trial was to determine whether calcium supplementation of pregnant women with low calcium intake reduces preeclampsia and preterm delivery. Randomized placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial in nulliparous normotensive women from populations with dietary calcium < 600 mg/d. Women who were recruited before gestational week 20 received supplements (1.5 g calcium/d or placebo) throughout pregnancy. Primary outcomes were preeclampsia and preterm delivery; secondary outcomes focused on severe morbidity and maternal and neonatal mortality rates. The groups comprised 8325 women who were assigned randomly. Both groups had similar gestational ages, demographic characteristics, and blood pressure levels at entry. Compliance were both 85% and follow-up losses (calcium, 3.4%; placebo, 3.7%). Calcium supplementation was associated with a non-statistically significant small reduction in preeclampsia (4.1% vs 4.5%) that was evident by 35 weeks of gestation (1.2% vs 2.8%; P = .04). Eclampsia (risk ratio, 0.68: 95% CI, 0.48-0.97) and severe gestational hypertension (risk ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.61-0.82) were significantly lower in the calcium group. Overall, there was a reduction in the severe preeclamptic complications index (risk ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.66-0.89; life-table analysis, log rank test; P = .04). The severe maternal morbidity and mortality index was also reduced in the supplementation group (risk ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.70-0.91). Preterm delivery (the neonatal primary outcome) and early preterm delivery tended to be reduced among women who were < or = 20 years of age (risk ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67-1.01; risk ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.98, respectively). The neonatal mortality rate was lower (risk ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.56-0.88) in the calcium group. A 1.5-g calcium/day supplement did not prevent preeclampsia but did reduce its severity, maternal morbidity, and neonatal mortality, albeit these were secondary outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcp
                Revista chilena de pediatría
                Rev. chil. pediatr.
                Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría (Santiago, , Chile )
                0370-4106
                2020
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Nefrología Chile
                [2] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Chile
                [3] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Chile
                Article
                01906 S0370-41062020005001906 S0370-4106(20)00000001906
                10.32641/rchped.vi92i2.3013
                edf33862-b665-4c96-9431-1b97e2936f42

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 August 2020
                : 03 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Desarrollo Renal,Insuficiencia Renal,Glomeruloesclerosis Focal y Segmentaria,Oligomeganefronia,Bajo Peso de Nacimiento,Prematurez,Renal Failure,Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis,Oligonephronia,Kidney Development,Low Birth Weight,Preterm Birth

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