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      Uptake and bioavailability of anthocyanins and phenolic acids from grape/blueberry juice and smoothie in vitro and in vivo.

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          Abstract

          The goal of eating five servings of fruits and vegetables a day has not yet been achieved. The intake of polyphenols such as anthocyanins (ACN) could be improved by consuming smoothies and juices that are increasingly popular, especially in children; however, bioavailability data concerning food matrix effects are scarce. Thus, we conducted a randomised, cross-over, bioavailability study (n 10) to determine the bioavailability of ACN and their metabolites from an ACN-rich grape/blueberry juice (841 mg ACN/litre) and smoothie (983 mg ACN/litre) in vivo, and the uptake of a corresponding grape/blueberry extract in vitro. After the intake of beverage (0·33 litres), plasma and fractionated urine samples were collected and analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to MS. The most abundant ACN found in plasma and urine were malvidin and peonidin as native ACN and as glucuronidated metabolites as well as 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB); minor ACN (delphinidin, cyanidin and petunidin) were only detected as native glycosides. Plasma pharmacokinetics and recoveries of urinary metabolites of ACN were not different for juice or smoothie intake; however, the phenolic acid 3,4-DHB was significantly better bioavailable from juice in comparison to smoothie. In vitro data with absorptive intestinal cells indicated that despite their weak chemical stability, ACN and 3,4-DHB could be detected at the basal side in their native forms. Whether smoothies as well as juices should be recommended to increase the intake of potentially health-promoting ACN and other polyphenols requires the consideration of other ingredients such as their relatively high sugar content.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Br. J. Nutr.
          The British journal of nutrition
          1475-2662
          0007-1145
          Apr 14 2015
          : 113
          : 7
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen,Wilhelmstrasse 20,35392Giessen,Germany.
          [2 ] Geisenheim Research Center, Section of Wine Analysis and Beverage Technology,Geisenheim,Germany.
          [3 ] Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University,Giessen,Germany.
          Article
          S0007114515000161
          10.1017/S0007114515000161
          25778541
          edfca549-1215-4d8f-81c4-bba79c3d4ed5
          History

          In vitro studies
          In vitro studies

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