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      Artrodese Cervical C1-C2 pelas técnicas de Harms e Magerl Translated title: Harms and Magerl types of C1-C2 cervical artrodesis Translated title: Artrodesis cervical C1-C2 por las técnicas de Harms y Magerl

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          Abstract

          INTRODUÇÃO: A instabilidade atlantoaxial pode resultar em alterações neurológicas, dor e limitação da mobilidade cervical. É uma situação grave pelo risco de tetraparésia ou morte súbita. Na literatura estão descritas várias técnicas de estabilização cirúrgica C1-C2 e neste artigo foram comentadas com maior ênfase as técnicas de Harms e Magerl, as mais utilizadas em nossa instituição. OBJETIVO: Descrever a casuística das artrodeses atlantoaxiais realizadas nos últimos cinco anos no Centro Hospitalar do Porto, particularmente, taxa de consolidações, complicações observadas, reintervenções e comparação com os estudos publicados. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, com cinco anos, dos doentes submetidos a artrodese atlantoaxial no Centro Hospitalar do Porto. RESULTADOS: Foram operados 11 doentes no período do estudo, a maioria com instabilidade de causa traumática. O método de artrodese mais utilizado foi o descrito por Magerl. Não foram observadas lesões vasculares. Foram registradas complicações infecciosas em quatro doentes, sendo que essas infecções foram mais comuns em doentes com patologias inflamatórias de base. Obteve-se uma taxa de consolidação da artrodese de 100%; não foram necessárias cirurgias de revisão. CONCLUSÃO: Em nossa série, as artrodeses posteriores pelas técnicas de Harms e de Magerl resultaram em um ótimo controle da instabilidade C1-C2. Doentes com indicação de artrodese por instabilidade reumática apresentaram alta taxa de complicações infecciosas.

          Translated abstract

          INTRODUCTION: The atlantoaxial instability may result in neurological disorders, pain and limitation of neck mobility. It is associated with serious risks of quadriplegia or sudden death. There are several techniques of C1-C2 surgical stabilization described in literature, and the most commonly used in our department and emphasized in this article are those of Harms and Magerl. OBJECTIVE: To describe the cases of the atlantoaxial arthrodesis performed in the last five years at Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Portugal, regarding the rate of consolidation, observed complications, re-intervention and comparison with published studies. METHODS: A five years retrospective study of patients who underwent atlantoaxial arthrodesis at Centro Hospitalar do Porto. RESULTS: Eleven patients were operated during the study period, most of them with traumatic causes of instability. The most common used method of arthrodesis was described by Magerl. There were no vascular lesions. There were infectious complications in four patients, and these infections were more common in patients with inflammatory disease. We obtained a rate of arthrodesis consolidation of 100%; revision surgeries were not necessary. Conclusion: The Harms and Magerl techniques of atlantoaxial posterior arthrodesis resulted in excellent treatment for the control of C1-C2 instability in our series. Patients submitted to arthrodesis because of rheumatoid instability had a high rate of infectious complications.

          Translated abstract

          INTRODUCCIÓN: la inestabilidad atlantoaxial puede resultar en alteraciones neurológicas, dolor y limitación de la movilidad cervical. Es una situación grave por el riesgo de tetraparesia o muerte súbita. En la literatura están descritas varias técnicas de estabilización quirúrgica C1-C2 y en este artículo serán comentadas con mayor énfasis las técnicas de Harms y Magerl, las más utilizadas en nuestra institución. OBJETIVO: describir la casuística de las artrodesis atlantoaxiales realizadas en los últimos cinco años del Centro Hospitalario del Porto, particularmente, la tasa de consolidaciones, complicaciones observadas, reintervenciones y comparación con los estudios publicados. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, con cinco años, de los pacientes sometidos a la artrodesis atlantoaxial en el Centro Hospitalario del Porto. RESULTADOS: fueron operados 11 pacientes en el periodo del estudio, la mayoría con inestabilidad de causa traumática. El método de la artrodesis más utilizado fue descrito por Magerl. No fueron observadas lesiones vasculares. Fueron registradas complicaciones infecciosas en cuatro pacientes, siendo que estas infecciones fueron más comunes en pacientes con patologías inflamatorias de base. Se obtuvo una tasa de consolidación de la artrodesis de 100%, no fueron necesarias cirugías de revisión. CONCLUSIÓN: en nuestra serie, las artrodesis posteriores por las técnicas de Harms y Magerl resultaron en un excelente control de la inestabilidad C1-C2. Pacientes con indicación de artrodesis por inestabilidad reumática presentaron una tasa alta de complicaciones infecciosas.

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          Most cited references14

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          Posterior C1-C2 fusion with polyaxial screw and rod fixation.

          A novel technique of atlantoaxial stabilization using individual fixation of the C1 lateral mass and the C2 pedicle with minipolyaxial screws and rods is described. In addition, the initial results of this technique on 37 patients are described. To describe the technique and the initial clinical and radiographic results for posterior C1-C2 fixation with a new implant system. Stabilization of the atlantoaxial complex is a challenging procedure because of the unique anatomy of this region. Fixation by transarticular screws combined with posterior wiring and structural bone grafting leads to excellent fusion rates. The technique is technically demanding and has a potential risk of injury to the vertebral artery. In addition, this procedure cannot be used in the presence of fixed subluxation of C1 on C2 and in the case of an aberrant path of the vertebral artery. To address these limitations, a new technique of C1-C2 fixation has been developed: bilateral insertion of polyaxial-head screws in the lateral mass of C1 and through the pars interarticularis into the pedicle of C2, followed by a fluoroscopically controlled reduction maneuver and rod fixation. After posterior exposure of the C1-C2 complex, the 3.5-mm polyaxial screws are inserted in the lateral masses of C1. Two polyaxial screws are then inserted into the pars interarticularis of C2. Drilling is guided by anatomic landmarks and fluoroscopy. If necessary, reduction of C1 onto C2 can be accomplished by manipulation of the implants, followed by fixation to the 3-mm rod. For definitive fusion, cancellous bone can be added. No structural bone graft or wiring is required. In selected cases, e.g., C1-C2 subluxation or fractures in young patients in whom only temporary fixation is necessary, the instrumentation can be removed after an appropriate time. Because the joint surfaces stay intact, the patient can regain motion in the C1-C2 joints. Thirty-seven patients underwent this procedure. No neural or vascular damage related to this technique has been observed. The early clinical and radiologic follow-up data indicate solid fusion in all patients. Fixation of the atlantoaxial complex using polyaxial-head screws and rods seems to be a reliable technique and should be considered an efficient alternative to the previously reported techniques.
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            C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation: technical aspects.

            Regis Haid (2001)
            I review posterior atlantoaxial fusion with transarticular screw fixation, including indications, complications, and operative technique, emphasizing my experience. The indications for C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation include traumatic injuries to the atlantoaxial complex, instability resulting from inflammatory disease (rheumatoid arthritis), and congenital abnormalities (os odontoideum). All patients underwent stabilization using cannulated C1-C2 transfacetal screws by the method described by Magerl. Supplemental interspinous fusion with bicortical autologous iliac crest graft and titanium cable was used to restore the posterior tension band by use of the method described by Sonntag's group. Preoperatively, all patients underwent imaging with plain radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, and axial computed tomography. Patients were maintained in a rigid cervical orthosis postoperatively. Measures used to improve safety and efficacy include patient positioning, fluoroscopic guidance, preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, axial computed tomography, and open reduction of C1-C2 subluxation before screw passage. In this series of 75 patients, fusion was obtained in 72 patients (96%). There were no instances of vertebral artery injury, errant screw placement, instrumentation failure, dural laceration, spinal cord injury, or hypoglossal nerve injury. C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation with a posterior tension band construct provides excellent fusion rates with few perioperative complications. Preoperative imaging and meticulous surgical technique improve outcomes.
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              Posterior fusion of the subaxial cervical spine: indications and techniques

              The biomechanical stability of the subaxial cervical spine (C3–7) can be compromised by numerous pathological processes, and the restoration of stability may ultimately require fusion and placement of rigid internal fixation devices. A posterior fusion and stabilization procedure is often used to treat cervical instability secondary to traumatic injury, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, neoplastic disease, infections, and previous laminectomy. Numerous techniques and advances in spinal instrumentation have evolved over the last 30 years. The authors review the indications and the various methods for stabilizing and fusing the subaxial cervical spine via posterior approaches.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                coluna
                Coluna/Columna
                Coluna/Columna
                Sociedade Brasileira de Coluna (São Paulo )
                2177-014X
                September 2010
                : 9
                : 3
                : 287-292
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Unidade Local de Saúde do Alto Minho Portugal
                [2 ] Centro Hospitalar do Porto Portugal
                [3 ] Centro Hospitalar do Porto Portugal
                Article
                S1808-18512010000300007
                10.1590/S1808-18512010000300007
                edfe0e55-bd16-485b-99a6-1d6e3c28236f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1808-1851&lng=en
                Categories
                ORTHOPEDICS
                REHABILITATION

                Orthopedics,Physiotherapy
                Spine,Atlanto-axial joint,Joint instability,Spinal fusion,Columna vertebral,Articulación atlantoaxoidea,Inestabilidad de la articulación,Fusión vertebral,Coluna vertebral,Articulação atlanto-axial,Instabilidade articular,Fusão vertebral

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