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      Avaliacao da confiabilidade e validade do Indice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado Translated title: Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised Translated title: Confiabilidad y validez del Indice de Calidad de la Dieta Revisado

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO Avaliar a confiabilidade e a validade do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado de acordo com as propriedades psicométricas. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal em amostra probabilística do município de São Paulo, SP, com 2.375 indivíduos com idade maior ou igual a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, incluídos no Inquérito de Saúde, realizado em 2003. As informações sobre características da população foram obtidas por meio de questionário. Dados do consumo alimentar foram obtidos pela aplicação do Recordatório de 24 horas, utilizado para calcular o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R). Foram avaliados (1) validade de conteúdo, comparando os componentes com as recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira; (2) validade de constructo, por meio da análise fatorial pelo método dos componentes principais e verificando se o índice consegue mensurar a qualidade da dieta independente da energia ingerida; (3) validade discriminante; e (4) a confiabilidade do IQD-R pela análise da consistência interna dos itens utilizando o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS As correlações entre os escores dos componentes e a energia consumida foram fracas (r #< 0,30). A análise de componentes principais indicou a presença de quatro fatores com autovalores #> 1 que representaram 67% da variância do índice. A validade discriminante do IQD-R foi observada comparando os indivíduos por sexo e hábito de fumar, identificando diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as médias dos componentes do IQD-R e o escore final. O valor do alfa de Cronbach (α = 0,7) indicou a presença de consistência interna entre os componentes do IQD-R. O componente Gord_AA, seguido dos componentes frutas totais e frutas integrais, apresentaram maior correlação com a pontuação final do índice. CONCLUSÕES O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado mostrou-se confiável e estruturalmente válido quando utilizado para avaliar e monitorar a qualidade da dieta de brasileiros.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE : Evaluate validity and reliability of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised according to the psychometric properties. METHODS : Cross-sectional study of a random sample of 2,375 individuals of both sexes, aged 12 or older from the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, drawn from the Health Survey carried out in 2003. Information on the population characteristics was acquired using a questionnaire. Food intake was obtained using 24h Recall, used to calculate the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised (BHEI-R). The following aspects were evaluated: (1) content validity, by comparing the components with the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population; (2) construct validity, factor analysis using principal components method and verifying whether the index can measure diet quality regardless of energy intake; (3) discriminating validity; and (4) the reliability of the BHEI-R by analyzing the internal consistency of the items using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. RESULTS : The correlations between the component scores and energy intake were weak (r < 0.30). Principal component analysis indicated the presence of four factors with eigenvalues > 1 that represented 67% of the index variance. The discriminating validity of the BHEI-R was observed by comparing the individuals by sex and smoking habit, and identifying statistically significant differences between the means of the components of the BHEI-R and the final score. The Cronbach’s alpha value (α = 0.7) indicated the presence of internal consistency between the components of the BHEI-R. The SoFAAS component followed by the total fruit component and whole fruit component presented greater correlation with the final index scores. CONCLUSIONS : The Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised showed itself to be reliable and structurally valid when used to evaluate and monitor the diet quality of Brazilians.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN OBJETIVO Evaluar la confiabilidad y la validez del Índice de la Calidad de la Dieta Revisado. MÉTODOS Estudio transversal en muestra probabilística del municipio de Sao Paulo, SP, con 2.375 individuos con edad mayor o igual a 12 años, de ambos sexos, incluidos en la Pesquisa de Salud, realizado en 2003. Las informaciones sobre características de la población fueron obtenidas por medio de cuestionario. Datos del consumo alimenticio fueron obtenidos por la aplicación del Recordatorio de 24 horas, utilizado para calcular el Índice de Calidad de la dieta Revisado (IQD-R). Se evaluaron validez del contenido, comparando los componentes con las recomendaciones de la Guía Alimenticia para la Población Brasileña; validez del constructo, por medio del análisis de componentes principales y de la capacidad discriminante; verificar si el índice logra medir la calidad de la dieta independientemente de la energía ingerida; y verificar la confiabilidad del IQD-R por el análisis de la consistencia interna de los ítems utilizando el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS Las correlaciones entre los escores de los componentes y la energía consumida fueron débiles (r#<0,30). La capacidad discriminante del IQD-R fue observada comparando los individuos por sexo y hábito de fumar, identificando diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los promedios de los componentes del IQD-R y el escore final. El análisis de componentes principales indicó la presencia de cuatro factores con autovalores #> 1 que representaron 67% de la varianza del índice. El valor del alfa de Cronbach (α = 0,7) indicó la presencia de consistencia interna entre los componentes del IQD-R. El componente Gord_AA, seguido de las frutas totales e integrales, presentaron mayor correlación con la puntuación final del índice. CONCLUSIONES El Índice de Calidad de la Dieta Revisado mostró ser confiable y estructuralmente válido al ser utilizado para evaluar y monitorear la calidad de la dieta de brasileños.

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          Diet-Quality Scores and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men

          OBJECTIVE To 1) compare associations of diet-quality scores, which were inversely associated with cardiovascular disease, with incident type 2 diabetes and 2) test for differences in absolute-risk reduction across various strata. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, who were initially free of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer (n = 41,615), were followed for ≤20 years. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2005, the alternative HEI (aHEI) the Recommended Food Score, the alternative Mediterranean Diet (aMED) Score, and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Score were calculated from food-frequency questionnaires. Cox proportional hazard models with time-varying covariates were used to assess risk by quintiles and continuous intervals. RESULTS There were 2,795 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. After multivariate adjustment, the aHEI, aMED, and DASH scores were significantly associated with reduced risk. A 1-SD increase was associated with 9–13% reduced risk (P < 0.01), and the DASH score was associated with lower risk independent of other scores. These scores were associated with lower absolute risk among those who were overweight or obese compared with normal weight (P for interaction < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Several diet-quality scores were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes and reflect a common dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of plant-based foods such as whole grains; moderate alcohol; and low intakes of red and processed meat, sodium, sugar-sweetened beverages, and trans fat. High-quality diets may yield the greatest reduction in diabetes cases when followed by those with a high BMI.
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            Evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index-2005.

            The Healthy Eating Index (HEI), a measure of diet quality as specified by federal dietary guidance, was revised to conform to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. The HEI has several components, the scores of which are totaled. The validity and reliability of the HEI-2005 were evaluated. Validity was assessed by answering four questions: Does the HEI-2005 1) give maximum scores to menus developed by experts; 2) distinguish between groups with known differences in diet quality-smokers and nonsmokers; 3) measure diet quality independently of energy intake, a proxy for diet quantity; and 4) have more than one underlying dimension? The relevant type of reliability, internal consistency, was also assessed. Twenty-four-hour recalls from 8,650 participants, aged 2 years and older, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2002 were analyzed to answer questions 2 to 4. Results were weighted to consider sample design and nonresponse. T tests determined differences in scores between smokers and nonsmokers. Pearson correlation coefficients determined the relationship between energy intake and scores. Principal components analysis determined the number of factors that comprise the HEI-2005. Cronbach's coefficient alpha tested internal consistency. HEI-2005 scores are at or very near the maximum levels for all sets of exemplary menus with one exception; the Harvard menus scored low on the milk component because these menus intentionally include only small amounts of milk products. Nine of 12 component scores were lower for smokers than nonsmokers. The correlations of component scores were virtually independent of energy intake (< I.22I). Multiple factors underlie the HEI-2005. Coefficient alpha was .43. The alpha value for all tests was .01. The HEI-2005 is a valid measure of diet quality. Potential uses include population monitoring, evaluation of interventions, and research. The individual component scores provide essential information in addition to that provided by the total score.
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              Cigarette smoking is associated with unhealthy patterns of nutrient intake: a meta-analysis.

              The aim of this investigation was to assess the relationship between smoking status and nutrient intakes using a meta-analysis. Publications in English were sought through a Medline search using the following key words: food habits, eating, feeding behavior, diet, food, nutrition, nutritional status or assessment, tobacco use disorder, tobacco, nicotine and smoking. Scanning relevant reference lists of articles and hand searching completed the data collection. No attempt was made to search for unpublished results. Paper selection was based on nutritional surveys including comparisons of smokers with nonsmokers. Fifty-one published nutritional surveys from 15 different countries with 47,250 nonsmokers and 35,870 smokers were used in the analysis. The estimates of size effects were calculated with the mean and variance values of each nutrient intake and the size of the sample. Smokers declared significantly (all P < 10(-5)) higher intakes of energy (+4.9%), total fat (+3.5%), saturated fat (+8.9%), cholesterol (+10.8%) and alcohol (+77.5%) and lower intakes of polyunsaturated fat (-6.5%), fiber (-12.4%), vitamin C (-16.5%), vitamin E (-10.8%) and beta-carotene (-11.8%) than nonsmokers. Protein and carbohydrate intakes did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers. There was no evidence of heterogeneity among studies. In conclusion, the nutrient intakes of smokers differ substantially from those of nonsmokers. Some of these differences may exacerbate the deleterious effects of smoke components on cancer and coronary heart disease risk.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Rev. Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo )
                1518-8787
                August 2013
                : 47
                : 4
                : 675-683
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0034-89102013000400675
                10.1590/S0034-8910.2013047004267
                24346677
                ee0cecb7-a502-4dc9-86c6-6a09d25d7227

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-8910&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Diet, classification,Food Consumption,Nutrition Assessment,Quality Indicators, Health Care, utilization,Reproducibility of Results,Cross-Sectional Studies,Dieta, classificacao,Consumo de Alimentos,Avaliacao Nutricional,Indicadores de Qualidade em Assistencia a Saude, utilizacao,Reprodutibilidade dos Testes,Estudos Transversais

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