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Abstract
About a dozen lakes in the world are up to three orders of magnitude older than most
others. Lakes Tanganyika (East Africa) and Baikal (Siberia) have probably existed
in some form for 12-20 million years, maybe more. Such lakes can have different origins,
sizes, shapes, depths and limnologies, but, in contrast to short-lived (mostly post-glacial)
lakes, they have exceptionally high faunal diversity and levels of endemicity. A multitude
of and processes accounting for these explosive radiations have recently been documented,
most of them based on particular groups in certain lakes, but comparative research
can detect repeated patterns. No special speciafion mechanism, exclusive to ancient
lakes has been demonstrated, although cases of ultra-rapid speciation have been documented.
Extant diversity results not by simple accumulation, but by a complex process of immigration,
speciation and extinction.