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      Saposhnikoviae divaricata: a phytochemical, pharmacological, and pharmacokinetic review

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          Abstract

          Saposhnikoviae divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk (SD) is a traditional Chinese herb commonly used to treat clinical conditions such as rheumatism and allergic rhinitis. This review article evaluates a collection of works on in vitro and biochemical studies of SD. The discourse on the diverse class of chromones and coumarins in SD offers an insight to the pharmacological effects of these bioactive constituents as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immunoregulatory, antioxidative, and anti-proliferative agents. It is highlighted that there is a structural relationship between the constituents and bioactive activities, which in effect provides a valid reasoning and reaffirm the use of SD in the treatment of the pathologies in Chinese medicine.

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          The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.

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            New facets of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 as cell surface transducers: outside-in signaling and relationship to tumor progression.

            This review focuses on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 (gelatinase A) and -9 (gelatinase B), both of which are cancer-associated, secreted, zinc-dependent endopeptidases. Gelatinases cleave many different targets (extracellular matrix, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines and cytokine/growth factor receptors) that in turn regulate key signaling pathways in cell growth, migration, invasion, inflammation and angiogenesis. Interactions with cell surface integral membrane proteins (CD44, αVβ/αβ1/αβ2 integrins and Ku protein) can occur through the gelatinases' active site or hemopexin-like C-terminal domain. This review evaluates the recent literature on the non-enzymatic, signal transduction roles of surface-bound gelatinases and their subsequent effects on cell survival, migration and angiogenesis. Gelatinases have long been drug targets. The current status of gelatinase inhibitors as anticancer agents and their failure in the clinic is discussed in light of these new data on the gelatinases' roles as cell surface transducers - data that may lead to the design and development of novel, gelatinase-targeting inhibitors. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Increases in the activated forms of ERK 1/2, p38 MAPK, and CREB are correlated with the expression of at-level mechanical allodynia following spinal cord injury.

              Rats given moderate spinal cord injury (SCI) display increases in the expression of the activated form of the transcription factor cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) in spinal segments of dermatomes corresponding to permanent mechanical allodynia, a model of chronic central neuropathic pain (CNP; (Crown, E.D., Ye, Z., Johnson, K.M., Xu, G.Y., McAdoo, D.J., Westlund, K.N., Hulsebosch, C.E., 2005. Upregulation of the phosphorylated form of CREB in spinothalamic tract cells following spinal cord injury: relation to central neuropathic pain. Neurosci. Lett. 384, 139-144)). Given that not all rats that receive moderate SCI develop CNP, the current study was designed to further analyze changes in persistent CREB activation and in the activation state of upstream intracellular signaling cascades (e.g., mitogen-activated protein kinases [MAPKs]) in populations of rats that receive SCI and weeks later develop CNP and rats that receive SCI but do not develop CNP. The results indicate that activated kinases such as pERK 1/2, p-p38 MAPK, but not pJNK, are upregulated in injured rats that develop CNP as compared to injured rats that fail to develop CNP. In addition, the current results replicated our previous finding that activated CREB is upregulated following SCI, however, only in SCI rats that developed CNP. Taken together, these results indicate that activation of intracellular signaling cascades traditionally associated with long-term potentiation and memory is associated with the expression of chronic CNP following SCI.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Chin J Nat Med
                Chin J Nat Med
                Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines
                China Pharmaceutical University. Published by Elsevier B.V.
                2095-6975
                1875-5364
                18 May 2017
                April 2017
                18 May 2017
                : 15
                : 4
                : 255-264
                Affiliations
                [a ]School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria 3001, Australia
                [b ]School of Science, RMIT University, Victoria 3001, Australia
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author Tel: 61-3-9925-7175, Fax: 61-3-9925-7178 angela.yang@ 123456rmit.edu.au
                Article
                S1875-5364(17)30042-0
                10.1016/S1875-5364(17)30042-0
                7128302
                28527510
                ee141b28-5131-4e06-bb69-e1b38e1b7aad
                © 2017 China Pharmaceutical University

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 20 June 2016
                Categories
                Article

                saposhnikoviae divaricata,chinese herbal medicine,anti-inflammatory,analgesic,immunomodulatory,anti-proliferative

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