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      The biology of fear- and anxiety-related behaviors Translated title: La biologia de las conductas relacionadas con el miedo y la ansiedad Translated title: Biologie des comportements liés à l'anxiété et à la peur

      research-article
      , PhD *
      Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
      Les Laboratoires Servier
      anxiety, fear, emotions, animial models, neurobiology, behavior

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          Abstract

          Anxiety is a psychological, physiological, and behavioral state induced in animals and humans by a threat to well-being or survival, either actual or potential. It is characterized by increased arousal, expectancy, autonomic and neuroendocrine activation, and specific behavior patterns. The function of these changes is to facilitate coping with an adverse or unexpected situation. Pathological anxiety interferes with the ability to cope successfully with life challenges. Vulnerability to psychopathology appears to be a consequence of predisposing factors (or traits), which result from numerous gene-environment interactions during development (particularly during the perinatal period) and experience (life events), in this review, the biology of fear and anxiety will be examined from systemic (brain-behavior relationships, neuronal circuitry, and functional neuroanatomy) and cellular/molecular (neurotransmitters, hormones, and other biochemical factors) points of view, with particular reference to animal models. These models have been instrumental in establishing the biological correlates of fear and anxiety, although the recent development of noninvasive investigation methods in humans, such as the various neuroimaging techniques, certainly opens new avenues of research in this field. Our current knowledge of the biological bases of fear and anxiety is already impressive, and further progress toward models or theories integrating contributions from the medical, biological, and psychological sciences can be expected.

          Translated abstract

          La ansiedad es una condición psicológica, fisiológica y conductual que se induce en los animales y en el hombre por una amenaza al bienestar o a la sobrevivencia, sea presente o potencial. Se caracteriza por un aumento del alerta, expectación, activación autonómica y endocrina, y patrones conductuales específicos. La función de estes cambios es facilitar la adaptación ante una situatión adversa o inesperada. La ansiedad patológica interfiere con la capacidad para adaptarse exitosamente a los desafíos de la vida. La vulnerabilidad a la psicopatología parece ser una consecuencia de factores predisponentes (o rasgos) los cuales se deben a numerosas interacciones entre los genes y el ambiente durante el desarrollo (especialmente durante el período perinatal) y a lo largo del curso de la vida (acontecimientos vitales). En esta revisión se examinará la biología del miedo y la ansiedad desde aproximaciones sistémicas (relaciones cerebro-conducta, circuitos neuronales y neuroanatomía funcional) y moleculares/celulares (neurotransmisores, hormonas y otros factores bioquímicos) poniendo especial atención a los modelos animales. Estos modelos han constituido un medio para establecer los correlatos biológicos del miedo y la ansiedad; sin embargo, el reciente desarrollo de métodos de investigación no invasores en humanos, como las diversas técnicas de neuroimágenes, ciertamente abre nuevas vías de investigación en este campo. Nuestro conocimíento actual de las bases biológicas del miedo y la ansiedad ya es notable y se puede esperar que a futuro se progrese hacia modelos o teorías que integren contribuciones desde las ciencias médicas, biológicas y psicológicas.

          Translated abstract

          L'anxiété est un état psychologique, physiologique et comportemental provoqué chez les animaux et les humains par une menace qui s'exerce sur le bien-être ou la survie, qu'elle soit réelle ou potentielle. Elle est caractérisée par une hypervigilance, une attente excessive, une activation des systèmes autonome et neuroendocrine et par des schémas comportementaux spécifiques. Ces modifications doivent faciliter l'adaptation à une situation hostile ou inattendue. L'anxiété pathologique interfère avec la capacité de s'adapter avec succès aux aléas de la vie. La susceptibilité à la psychopathologie semble résulter de facteurs prédisposants (ou de caractères), eux-mêmes issus de nombreuses interactions gène-environnement pendant la phase de développement (particulièrement durant la période périnatale) et de l'expérience (événements de la vie). Dans cet article, la biologie de la peur et de l'anxiété sera examinée d'un point de vue systémique (relations cerveau-comportement, circuits neuronaux et neuroanatomie fonctionnelle) et d'un point de vue cellulaire et moléculaire (neurotransmetteurs, hormones et autres facteurs biochimiques), avec une référence particulière aux modèles animaux. Ces modèles ont contribué à l'établissement de corrélations biologiques de la peur et de l'anxiété, bien que les avancées récentes des méthodes d'investigation non invasives chez les humains, telles les diverses techniques de neuro-imagerie, ouvrent certainement de nouvelles voies de recherche dans ce domaine. Nos connaissances actuelles des bases biologiques de la peur et de l'anxiété sont déjà impressionnantes et nous pouvons espérer des progrès supplémentaires de la part de modèles ou de théories intégrant les données des sciences médicales, biologiques et psychologiques.

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          Most cited references189

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          Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology.

          This paper summarizes the current views on coping styles as a useful concept in understanding individual adaptive capacity and vulnerability to stress-related disease. Studies in feral populations indicate the existence of a proactive and a reactive coping style. These coping styles seem to play a role in the population ecology of the species. Despite domestication, genetic selection and inbreeding, the same coping styles can, to some extent, also be observed in laboratory and farm animals. Coping styles are characterized by consistent behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics, some of which seem to be causally linked to each other. Evidence is accumulating that the two coping styles might explain a differential vulnerability to stress mediated disease due to the differential adaptive value of the two coping styles and the accompanying neuroendocrine differentiation.
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            Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.

            Integration of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal stress response occurs by way of interactions between stress-sensitive brain circuitry and neuroendocrine neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Stressors involving an immediate physiologic threat ('systemic' stressors) are relayed directly to the PVN, probably via brainstem catecholaminergic projections. By contrast, stressors requiring interpretation by higher brain structures ('processive' stressors) appear to be channeled through limbic forebrain circuits. Forebrain limbic sites connect with the PVN via interactions with GABA-containing neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, preoptic area and hypothalamus. Thus, final elaboration of processive stress responses is likely to involve modulation of PVN GABAergic tone. The functional and neuroanatomical data obtained suggest that disease processes involving inappropriate stress control involve dysfunction of processive stress pathways.
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              Are there basic emotions?

              Paul Ekman (1992)
              Ortony and Turner's (1990) arguments against those who adopt the view that there are basic emotions are challenged. The evidence on universals in expression and in physiology strongly suggests that there is a biological basis to the emotions that have been studied. Ortony and Turner's reviews of this literature are faulted, and their alternative theoretical explanations do not fit the evidence. The utility of the basic emotions approach is also shown in terms of the research it has generated.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                September 2002
                September 2002
                : 4
                : 3
                : 231-249
                Affiliations
                Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.3/tsteimer
                3181681
                22033741
                ee18224c-252a-4931-a539-96aac71a77c3
                Copyright: © 2002 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                State of the Art

                Neurosciences
                anxiety,emotions,animial models,fear,behavior,neurobiology
                Neurosciences
                anxiety, emotions, animial models, fear, behavior, neurobiology

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