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      Relação entre estressores, estresse e ansiedade Translated title: Stressfull life-events, stress and anxiety

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          Abstract

          Os autores apresentam uma breve revisão de literatura sobre a relação entre ansiedade, eventos estressores e estresse. São descritas as diferentes situações estressoras, a definição de evento de vida estressor e os aspectos cognitivos, comportamentais e fisiológicos da resposta frente ao estresse. A neuroanatomia e os principais neurotransmissores envolvidos na resposta fisiológica de ansiedade ao estresse são descritos. Estudos genéticos que evidenciam a relação entre os eventos de vida estressores como fator de risco para ansiedade são apresentados. A relação causal entre os eventos de vida estressores e o aparecimento de ansiedade é abordada a partir de estudos realizados com adultos e adolescentes.

          Translated abstract

          The authors present a brief review of the literature on the relationship between anxiety, stressful life-events and stress. Stressful events are described as well as the definition of stressful life-events and the cognitive, behavioral and physiological responses to stress. Neuroanatomy and neurotransmitters involved on the anxiety response to stress are described. Genetic studies on the relationship of stressful life-events as risk factor to anxiety were reviewed. From several studies with adults and adolescents a cause relationship between stressful life events and anxiety is evaluated.

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          Most cited references19

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          Causal Relationship Between Stressful Life Events and the Onset of Major Depression

          Stressful life events are associated with the onset of episodes of major depression. However, exposure to stressful life events is influenced by genetic factors, and these factors are correlated with those that predispose to major depression. The aim of this study was to clarify the degree to which stressful life events cause major depression.
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            Classificação de Transtornos Mentais e de Comportamentos da CID 10a.: descrições clínicas e diretrizes diagnósticas

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              Stress: a risk factor for serious illness.

              The body's principal adaptive responses to stress stimuli are mediated by an intricate stress system, which includes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the sympathoadrenal system (SAS). Dysregulation of the system, caused by the cumulative burden of repetitive or chronic environmental stress challenges (allostatic load) contributes to the development of a variety of illnesses including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and the insulin-resistance-dyslipidemia syndrome, as well as certain disorders of immune function. The brain's limbic system, particularly the hippocampus and amygdala, is also intimately involved in the stress response. Chronically elevated corticosteroid levels induced by persisting stress may adversely affect hippocampal structure and function, producing deficits of both memory and cognition. The ability of stress to cause illness in humans is most clearly exemplified by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which consists of a predictable constellation of distressing behavioral symptoms and physiological features. An appreciable proportion of the observed variance in vulnerability to PTSD is attributable to genetic factors. The relationship of this disorder to its precipitating cause-a recent, severely traumatic event-is unambiguous. The neuroendocrinology of PTSD is noteworthy, being characterized in many adult victims by enhanced negative feedback sensitivity of glucocorticoid receptors in the stress response system, and lower than normal urinary and plasma cortisol levels. Adult patients with PTSD also have been shown to exhibit exaggerated catecholamine responses to trauma-related stimuli. On the other hand, severely maltreated prepubertal children with PTSD continue to excrete greater than normal urinary cortisol, catecholamines, and dopamine years after disclosure of the causative abuse. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rprs
                Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul
                Rev. psiquiatr. Rio Gd. Sul
                Sociedade de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre )
                0101-8108
                April 2003
                : 25
                : suppl 1
                : 65-74
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                Article
                S0101-81082003000400008
                10.1590/S0101-81082003000400008
                ee2103ba-f753-4701-a7ff-ebac8b1631a8

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0101-8108&lng=en
                Categories
                ACOUSTICS
                PSYCHIATRY

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry,Acoustics
                Stress,anxiety,stressful life-events,Estresse,ansiedade,eventos de vida estressores

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