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      Adjustment of speaker’s referential expressions to an addressee’s likely knowledge and link with theory of mind abilities

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          Abstract

          To communicate cooperatively, speakers must determine what constitutes the common ground with their addressee and adapt their referential choices accordingly. Assessing another person’s knowledge requires a social cognition ability termed theory of mind (ToM). This study relies on a novel referential communication task requiring probabilistic inferences of the knowledge already held by an addressee prior to the study. Forty participants were asked to present 10 movie characters and the addressee, who had the same characters in a random order, was asked to place them in order. ToM and other aspects of social cognition were also assessed. Participants used more information when presenting likely unknown than likely known movie characters. They particularly increased their use of physical descriptors, which most often accompanied movie-related information. Interestingly, a significant relationship emerged between our ToM test and the increased amount of information given for the likely unknown characters. These results suggest that speakers use ToM to infer their addressee’s likely knowledge and accordingly adapt their referential expressions.

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          Most cited references17

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          The social cognition psychometric evaluation study: results of the expert survey and RAND panel.

          M. Green, Kristin Healey, D Harvey … (2014)
          In schizophrenia, social cognition is strongly linked to functional outcome and is increasingly seen as a viable treatment target. The goal of the Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation (SCOPE) study is to identify and improve the best existing measures of social cognition so they can be suitably applied in large-scale treatment studies. Initial phases of this project sought to (1) develop consensus on critical domains of social cognition and (2) identify the best existing measures of social cognition for use in treatment studies. Experts in social cognition were invited to nominate key domains of social cognition and the best measures of those domains. Nominations for measures were reduced according to set criteria, and all available psychometric information about these measures was summarized and provided to RAND panelists. Panelists rated the quality of each measure on multiple criteria, and diverging ratings were discussed at the in-person meeting to obtain consensus. Expert surveys identified 4 core domains of social cognition-emotion processing, social perception, theory of mind/mental state attribution, and attributional style/bias. Using RAND panel consensus ratings, the following measures were selected for further evaluation: Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire, Bell Lysaker Emotion Recognition Task, Penn Emotion Recognition Test, Relationships Across Domains, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, The Awareness of Social Inferences Test, Hinting Task, and Trustworthiness Task. While it was possible to establish consensus, only a limited amount of psychometric information is currently available for the candidate measures, which underscores the need for well-validated and standardized measures in this area. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
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            References in conversation between experts and novices.

            Ellen A. Isaacs, Herbert Clark (1987)
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              Maternal speech to infants in a tonal language: Support for universal prosodic features in motherese.

              DiAnne Grieser, Patricia K. Kuhl (1988)
              Article 0 comments Cited 72 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 June 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 823
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada
                [2] 2Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC Canada
                [3] 3Institut des Sciences du Langage et de la Communication, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel Switzerland
                [4] 4École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada
                [5] 5Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC Canada
                Author notes

                Edited by: Anna M. Borghi, University of Bologna and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italy

                Reviewed by: Arjen Stolk, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands; Alexia Galati, University of Cyprus, Cyprus

                *Correspondence: Amélie M. Achim, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, 2601, de la Canardière (F-4543), Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada, amelie.achim@ 123456fmed.ulaval.ca

                This article was submitted to Cognition, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00823
                PMC ID: 4469820
                SO-VID: ee594d32-f9ff-4477-9f57-c2a92b1d6c68
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Achim, Fossard, Couture and Achim.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 24 March 2015
                Date accepted : 30 May 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 11, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Social Sciences and Humanity Research Council (SSHRC)
                Award ID: #410-2011-1628
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: reference,theory of mind,mentalizing,interactive task,collaboration,common ground,egocentric bias
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: reference, theory of mind, mentalizing, interactive task, collaboration, common ground, egocentric bias

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