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      Evaluación de la fitotoxicidad y la genotoxicidad de suelos agrícolas de zonas con actividades mineras de cobre de la cuenca del río Aconcagua (Chile central) Translated title: Assessment of the fitotoxicity and genotoxicity of agricultural soils from zones with copper mining activities of the Aconcagua river basing (central Chile)

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          Abstract

          Los suelos agrícolas de la cuenca del río Aconcagua, en zonas cercanas a centros mineros se caracterizan por tener altas concentraciones de cobre. Esto puede ser un riesgo para los organismos expuestos. Los estudios de toxicidad en organismos vegetales que se asientan sobre estos suelos son pocos, no se sabe si pudieran provocarles efectos de genotoxicidad. De acuerdo con lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la fitotoxicidad y la genotoxicidad de los suelos agrícolas cercanos a centros mineros en la cuenca del río Aconcagua (Chile central). Para ello, las semillas de Vicia faba fueron expuestas a extractos de cuatro suelos contaminados por 144 h. Al final de los experimentos se determinó el porcentaje de germinación, el crecimiento de la raíz, la frecuencia de micronúcleos y el índice mitótico de dichas semillas. Los suelos con las mayores concentraciones de cobre total fueron el 2 y el 3, con 7658 y 789 mg/kg, respectivamente. Los resultados muestran una inhibición significativa en la germinación de las semillas en el suelo 3. El mayor porcentaje de inhibición del índice mitótico fue en los suelos 2 y 4, se observó una relación significativa entre este parámetro y las concentraciones de cobre solubles en los suelos (R² = 0.67, p < 0.05). Los suelos 2 y 3 con concentraciones altas de cobre provocan genotoxicidad y podrían ser un riesgo para el crecimiento de diversas especies de plantas en estos suelos.

          Translated abstract

          The agricultural soils of the Aconcagua river basin in zones near to mining centers are characterized by having high copper concentrations. This is a risk for terrestrial organisms like plants. The studies of toxicity in plants on these kind of soils are few. We still do not know if these soils can provoke genotoxicity in plants. According to this, the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the genotoxicity and phytotoxicity of agricultural soils near to mining centers in the Aconcagua river basin (central Chile). In order to do this, Vicia faba seeds were exposed to extracts of contaminated soils by 144 h. At the end of the experiments, the germination percentage, root growth, micro-nuclei frequency and mitotic index of the seeds were determinated. The soils with the higher concentrations of total copper were 2 and 3, with 7658 y 789 mg/kg respectively. Significant inhibition in the germination porcentage in the soil 3 was observed. The higher percentage of inhibition in the mitotic index was in soils 2 and 4. A significative relationship between this parameter and the soluble copper concentration in soils was observed (R² = 0.67, p < 0.05). Soils 2 and 3, which have high copper concentrations,, are genotoxic and they would be a risk to plants growing in these kind of soils.

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          Metals and seeds: Biochemical and molecular implications and their significance for seed germination

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            Monitoring of copper, arsenic and antimony levels in agricultural soils impacted and non-impacted by mining activities, from three regions in Chile.

            This paper reports a comparative study of the concentration of three important environmental elements that are often found together in mineral deposits and then associated with mining activities; copper, arsenic and antimony. These elements were determined in 26 different agricultural soils from regions I, II and V in Chile, zones where the most important and biggest copper industries of this country are located. As background levels of these elements in soils have not been well established, in this study, both, impacted and non-impacted agricultural soils from different regions were considered. The relationships between the concentrations of these elements in soils were also examined. The concentration ranges for copper, arsenic and antimony were 11-530; 2.7-202 and 0.42-11 mg kg(-1) respectively. The copper concentrations in non-polluted soils from the north and central zone of Chile were similar. However, three sites from the north region have copper concentration as higher as 100 mg kg(-1), values that exceed the critical concentration for copper in soils. The concentration of arsenic and antimony in the north soils were higher than in non-impacted ones and, in the case of arsenic, greatly exceeded the world average concentration reported for this element in soils. The highest arsenic and antimony concentrations were found in Calama and Quillagua soils, two different sites in the Loa valley. The arsenic/antimony concentration ratio was higher in Quillagua soil. The high concentrations of three elements determined in impacted soils from region V (Puchuncaví and Catemu valleys) clearly shows the impact produced in this zone by the industrial and mining activities developed in their proximities. At Puchuncaví valley a clear decrease was observed in copper, arsenic and antimony concentrations in soils on the function of the distance from the industrial complex "Las Ventanas", and all concentrations exceeded the reported critical values for this matrix. Instead at Catemu valley, only the copper concentration was higher than this value. Statistically significant correlation was found for Cu-Sb in all soils; more significant Cu-As, Cu-Sb and Sb-As correlations were evaluated for soils from Puchuncaví and Catemu valleys, corroborating that high concentrations of copper, arsenic and antimony in these soils coming from the same pollution sources, the copper industry and the thermoelectric power plant.
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              Soil factors controlling the expression of copper toxicity to plants in a wide range of European soils.

              The impact of soil properties on metal bioavailability to plants is well recognized. However, the effect of soil bioavailability parameters on toxicity threshold values for Cu in plants needs quantification. Eighteen European soils varying widely in soil properties were amended with CuCl2 to obtain a range of seven concentrations including an unamended control. Two plant toxicity assays, barley root elongation (4 d) and tomato shoot growth (21 d after emergence), were performed on each soil under controlled environment conditions. The effective concentration of added Cu causing 50% inhibition (EC50) ranged from 36 to 536 mg/kg soil and from 22 to 851 mg/kg soil for barley root elongation and tomato shoot growth, respectively, representing variation in EC50 among soils of 15- and 39-fold. Single regressions carried out between Cu toxicity threshold values and various soil properties showed that exchangeable calcium and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC; measured at soil pH) were the best single predictors for toxicity values from both plant tests. The inclusion of other soil properties, such as iron oxide concentration, soil pH, clay, or organic carbon content, further improved predictions. For risk assessment, we suggest that Cu toxicity threshold values (EC50) be normalized on the key soil property of CEC. If available, soil exchangeable calcium and iron oxide concentration would improve the normalization.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rica
                Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental
                Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient
                Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, UNAM (México, DF, Mexico )
                0188-4999
                2015
                : 31
                : 3
                : 237-243
                Affiliations
                [01] Valparaíso orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias orgdiv2Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales Chile hernan.gaete@ 123456uv.cl
                [02] Valparaíso orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso orgdiv1Escuela de Agronomía Chile
                Article
                S0188-49992015000300003
                ee5b4937-3448-4017-bc3c-52ca126c5918

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : February 2015
                : September 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos

                micronuclei,mitotic index,Vicia faba,genotoxicidad,índice mitótico,micronúcleos,genotoxicity

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