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      Extractive Bioconversion of Gamma-Cyclodextrin and Recycling of Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase in Liquid Biphasic System Using Thermo-Separating Polymer

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          Abstract

          An extractive bioconversion conducted on soluble starch with cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) enzyme in ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EOPO)/potassium phosphates liquid biphasic system (LBS) to extract gamma-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) was examined. A range of EOPO (with potassium phosphates) molecular weights was screen to investigate the effect of the latter on the partioning efficency of CGTase and γ-CD. The results show that the optimal top phase γ-CD yield (74.4%) was reached in 35.0% (w/w) EOPO 970 and 10.0% (w/w) potassium phosphate with 2.0% (w/w) sodium chloride. A theoretical explanation for the effect of NaCl on γ-CD was also presented. After a 2 h bioconversion process, a total of 0.87 mg/mL concentration of γ-CD was produced in the EOPO/ phosphates LBS top phase. After the extraction of top phase from LBS, four continuous repetitive batches were successfully conducted with relative CGTase activity of 1.00, 0.86, 0.45, and 0.40 respectively.

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          Cyclodextrins and their uses: a review

          E.M.Martin Del Valle (2004)
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            Manipulation of Molecules with Electromagnetic Fields

            Roman V. Krems, Mikhail Lemeshko, Sabre Kais … (2013)
            The goal of the present article is to review the major developments that have led to the current understanding of molecule-field interactions and experimental methods for manipulating molecules with electromagnetic fields. Molecule-field interactions are at the core of several, seemingly distinct, areas of molecular physics. This is reflected in the organization of this article, which includes sections on Field control of molecular beams, External field traps for cold molecules, Control of molecular orientation and molecular alignment, Manipulation of molecules by non-conservative forces, Ultracold molecules and ultracold chemistry, Controlled many-body phenomena, Entanglement of molecules and dipole arrays, and Stability of molecular systems in high-frequency super-intense laser fields. The article contains 853 references.
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              gamma-Cyclodextrin: a review on enzymatic production and applications.

              Miao Wang, Zhaofeng Li, Z. T. Gu … (2007)
              Cyclodextrins are cyclic alpha-1,4-glucans that are produced from starch or starch derivates using cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase). The most common forms are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins. This mini-review focuses on the enzymatic production, unique properties, and applications of gamma-cyclodextrin as well as its difference with alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins. As all known wild-type CGTases produce a mixture of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins, the obtaining of a CGTase predominantly producing gamma-cyclodextrin is discussed. Recently, more economic production processes for gamma-cyclodextrin have been developed using improved gamma-CGTases and appropriate complexing agents. Compared with alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins, gamma-cyclodextrin has a larger internal cavity, higher water solubility, and more bioavailability, so it has wider applications in many industries, especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Chem
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Chem
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Chem.
                Title: Frontiers in Chemistry
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2296-2646
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 October 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 448
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                [2] 2Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus , Semenyih, Malaysia
                [3] 3Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus , Semenyih, Malaysia
                [4] 4Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang, Malaysia
                [5] 5Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia , Serdang, Malaysia
                [6] 6School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Gelugor, Malaysia
                Author notes

                Edited by: Brendan M. Leung, Dalhousie University, Canada

                Reviewed by: Hideki Yamaji, Kobe University, Japan; Pik Han Chong, Zhejiang Gongshang University, China

                This article was submitted to Chemical Engineering, a section of the journal Frontiers in Chemistry

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00448
                PMC ID: 6182088
                SO-VID: ee60adca-e326-4f8a-b864-1f2d67e3c08a
                Copyright © Copyright © 2018 Lin, Show, Yap, Ariff, Annuar, Lai, Ling and Ng.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 06 July 2018
                Date accepted : 07 September 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Equations: 6, References: 23, Pages: 6, Words: 4092
                Funding
                Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 10.13039/501100001691
                Award ID: RU018O-2016
                Award ID: RU018L-2016
                Award ID: ST003-2017
                Award ID: ST001-2017
                Award ID: RP025B-18SUS
                Award ID: TR001A-2015A
                Award ID: RP031B-15AET
                Award ID: ST002-2017
                Categories
                Subject: Chemistry
                Subject: Original Research

                Keywords: liquid biphasic system,ethylene oxide-propylene oxide,extractive bioconversion,cyclodextrin,bacillus cereus
                Data availability:
                Keywords: liquid biphasic system, ethylene oxide-propylene oxide, extractive bioconversion, cyclodextrin, bacillus cereus

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